Biomedical subjects

Barbara Fletcher

Publications and source records attributed to Barbara Fletcher.

4 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Genetics and genomics of osteoclast differentiation: integrating cell signaling pathways and gene networks.

The regulation of osteoclast differentiation in the bone microenvironment is critical for normal bone remodeling, as well as for various human bone diseases. Over the last decade, our knowledge of how osteoclast differentiation occurs has progressed rapidly. We highlight some of the major advances in understanding how cell signaling and transcription are integrated to direct the differentiation of this cell type. These studies used genetic, molecular, and biochemical approaches. Additionally, we summarize data obtained from studies of osteoclast differentiation that used the functional genomic approach of global gene profiling applied to osteoclast differentiation. This genomic data confirms results from studies using the classical experimental approaches and also may suggest new modes by which osteoclast differentiation and function can be modulated. Two conclusions that emerge are that osteoclast differentiation depends on a combination of fairly ubiquitously expressed transcription factors rather than unique osteoclast factors, and that the overlay of cell signaling pathways on this set of transcription factors provides a powerful mechanism to fine tune the differentiation program in response to the local bone microenvironment.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Managing abnormal blood lipids: a collaborative approach.

Current data and guidelines recommend treating abnormal blood lipids (ABL) to goal. This is a complex process and requires involvement from various healthcare professionals with a wide range of expertise. The model of a multidisciplinary case management approach for patients with ABL is well documented and described. This collaborative approach encompasses primary and secondary prevention across the lifespan, incorporates nutritional and exercise management as a significant component, defines the importance and indications for pharmacological therapy, and emphasizes the importance of adherence. Use of this collaborative approach for the treatment of ABL ultimately will improve cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Genetic, environmental, and metabolic risk factors are interrelated and contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A strong family history of diabetes mellitus, age, obesity, and physical inactivity identify those individuals at highest risk. Minority populations are also at higher risk, not only because of family history and genetics, but also because of adaptation to American environmental influences of poor dietary and exercise habits. Women with a history of gestational diabetes as well as their children are at greater risk for progressing to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin resistance increases a person's risk for developing impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes. Individuals who have insulin resistance share many of the same risk factors as those with type 2 diabetes. These include hyperinsulinemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, hypertension, prothrombic state, hyperuricemia, and polycystic ovary syndrome. Current interventions for the prevention and retardation of type 2 diabetes mellitus are those targeted towards modifying environmental risk factors such as reducing obesity and promoting physical activity. Awareness of risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes will promote screening, early detection, and treatment in high-risk populations with the goal of decreasing both microvascular and macrovascular complications.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Insulin resistance syndrome.

Insulin resistance syndrome, also referred to as the metabolic syndrome, affects 1 in 3 to 4 adults older than 20 years. This syndrome consists of a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that put people at risk for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. These clinical abnormalities include dyslipidemia, specifically elevated triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated glucose, and hypertension. The incidence of this morbid syndrome is expected to continue to grow both in the United States and worldwide, and thus is of tremendous interest to nurses seeking to measure their impact on patient outcomes. The key lifestyle interventions essential to treating this syndrome are weight loss and physical activity. The purpose of this article is to (1) describe the insulin resistance syndrome and discuss the current focuses for inquiry in major outcome areas (eg, mortality, morbidity, costs); (2) describe the status of specific lifestyle interventions (weight loss, diet, and exercise); (3) identify outcomes that nurses could measure to assess their impact on patient care; and (4) identify areas for future nursing research.

Exercise↗