Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to Bhisma K Patel.
[Structure: see text] The products obtained by the reaction of benzoyl-3-phenylthioureas with bromine and enolizable ketones in the presence of triethylamine are not imidazole-2-thione derivatives as reported (Org. Lett. 2003, 5, 1657-1659) rather they are thiazolidene-2-imine derivatives.
Acetalization of benzaldehyde and substituted benzaldehydes (containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups) is explained qualitatively on the basis of global electrophilicity descriptor, w, as proposed by Parr and coworkers. The generated values of w can explain qualitatively the preferential electrophilic addition, and hence, the yield of acetalization obtained in an earlier experimental study carried by Patel and coworkers. The present study also reveals that although both steric and electronic factors affect the yield, only later can be taken care of by w. In the case of a competitive formation of cyclic acetals and cyclic thioacetals from a reaction mixture containing p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 1,2-ethanediol (i.e., glycol), and 1,2-ethanedithiol, the relative experimental yields could be explained from the difference of the global electrophilicity values between aldehydes and acetalizing agents in the same line of arguments of Maynard et al.
In the present article (experimental as well theoretical) the relative yields of cyclic (O,O), (S,S), (S,O), and (S,N) acetals, formed from p-(NO2)C6H4CHO and p-(OH)C6H4CHO, are compared. Atomic charges, global electrophilicity descriptor (w) [as proposed by Parr et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 1922] and hard-soft acid-base concept of Pearson (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 3533) are used to explain the experimental observations. Although the w values can explain the yields, charge and local softness values of the interacting sites explain the plausible reaction mechanism. The bisnucleophiles chosen for acetalization are CH2(OH)-CH2(OH) (glycol), CH2(SH)-CH2(SH) (dithiol), CH2(OH)-CH2(SH) (oxathiol) and CH2(SH)-CH2(NH2) (azathiol). For p-(NO2)C6H4CHO, the experimental yield of cyclic acetals were found to follow the trend as (S,N) > (S,O) > (O,O) > (S,S), which is also supported by theoretical explanation based on the w values and applying the concept of hard-hard (i.e., charge-controlled) and soft-soft (i.e., orbital-controlled) interaction between the interacting sites of the substrates (i.e., aldehydes) and the reactants (bisnucleophiles). Similarly, for p-(OH)C6H4CHO the relative yields of cyclic acetals follow the trend (S,N) approximately (S,S) > (S,O) > (O,O). It is argued that the attack on C(CHO) (i.e., C-atom of the CHO group) in p-(NO2)C6H4CHO by O(OH) (i.e., O-atom of OH group) or N(NH2) (i.e., N-atom of NH2 group) is mainly charge-controlled but the attack on C(CHO) in p-(OH)C6H4CHO) by S(SH) (i.e., S-atom of SH group) is orbital-controlled.
1,2-Dipyridiniumditribromide-ethane (DPTBE) has been synthesized and explored as a new efficient brominating agent. The crystalline ditribromide reagent is stable for months and acts as a safe source of bromine requiring just 0.5 equiv for complete bromination. It has high active bromine content per molecule and shows a remarkable reactivity compared to other tribromide reagents toward various substrates by just grinding the reagent and substrates in a porcelain mortar at room temperature. No organic solvent has been used during any stage of the reaction for substrates giving product as solid. Product can easily be isolated by just washing the highly water soluble 1,2-dipyridiniumdibromide-ethane (DPDBE) from the brominated product. The spent reagent can be recovered, regenerated, and reused without any significant loss.
Thioacetals and thioketals of various aldehydes and ketones were obtained directly from carbonyl compounds or by a transthioacetalisation process from cyclic O,O-acetals in the presence of dithiols and a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB). Chemoselective thioacetalisation of aromatic aldehydes containing an electron-donating group in the presence of an aldehyde containing an electron-withdrawing group, aldehydes in the presence of ketones, aliphatic cyclic ketones in the presence of aromatic ketones and less hindered ketones in the presence of more hindered ketones have been achieved. A cyclic acetal containing an electron-donating group has been chemoselectively transthioacetalised in the presence of an acetal having an electron-withdrawing substituent. These selectivities are due to the intrinsic reactivity of the substrate themselves and are independent of the catalyst and reaction conditions. Shorter reaction times, mild reaction conditions, stability of acid sensitive protecting groups, high efficiencies, facile isolation of the desired products and the catalytic nature of the reagent are the attractive features of the present method.
The peroxovanadium species generated from V(2)O(5) and hydrogen peroxide, which is liberated from peroxy salts such as sodium perborate (SPB) or sodium percarbonate (SPC), transform aldehydes directly into esters in an alcoholic medium. Monoesters of diols have been achieved directly in one pot from aldehydes. High catalytic turnover number combined with inexpensive, easily available reagents and innocuous side products from the reaction make it a suitable alternative for the synthesis of esters from aldehydes.
Acyclic and cyclic acetals of various carbonyl compounds were obtained in excellent yields under a mild reaction condition in the presence of trialkyl orthoformate and a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB) in absolute alcohol. Chemoselective acetalization of an aldehyde in the presence of ketone, unsymmetrical acetal formation, shorter reaction times, mild reaction conditions, the stability of acid-sensitive protecting groups, high efficiencies, facile isolation of the desired products, and the catalytic nature of the reagent make the present methodology a practical alternative.