Biomedical subjects

Bradley J Cardinal

Publications and source records attributed to Bradley J Cardinal.

17 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Understanding exercise behavior among Korean adults: a test of the transtheoretical model.

The purpose of this study was to examine the theorized association of Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change constructs by stage of change for exercise behavior among Korean adults. A total of 1,335 Korean adults were recruited and surveyed from the Nowon district, geographically located in northern Seoul. Four Korean-version questionnaires were used to identify the stage of exercise behavior and psychological attributes of adolescents. Data were analyzed by frequency analysis, MANOVA, correlation analysis, and discriminant analysis. Multivariate F tests indicated that behavioral and cognitive processes of change, exercise efficacy, and pros differentiated participants across the stages of exercise behavior. Furthermore, the findings revealed that adults' exercise behavior was significantly correlated with the TTM constructs and that overall classification accuracy across the stages of change was 50.6%. This study supports the internal and external validity of the TTM for explaining exercise behavior.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A pilot study of a web-based physical activity motivational program for adults with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: Develop, deliver, and assess the efficacy of a 4-week web-based leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) motivational program based on the Transtheoretical Model and tailored to inactive adults with physical disabilities. METHOD: This was a pilot-based study incorporating a true experimental design with one treatment and one control group. The intervention program was delivered on the web and was based on the constructs of the Transtheoretical Model. From the 151 individuals who completed the LTPA standardized questionnaire at baseline, 75 people participated in the 1-month post-test assessment. RESULTS: The results of the analysis confirmed the pretest LTPA scores as the study covariate for the post-test assessment (F (1,72)=16.06, p=0.001, (2 )= 0.18). Based on the one-way ANCOVA, there were no statistically significant differences in LTPA scores between the treatment and control groups at post-test. However, the corresponding effect size and variance explained by the treatment approached a moderate level of significance (d=0.34 and (2 )= 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Although conclusive statements about program effectiveness cannot be secured, several 'lessons learned' from this project may be 'key factors' for program improvement. Given the pilot nature of the study and the limited resources for program development and monitoring, continued examination of such motivational materials and delivery mechanisms for people with physical disabilities appear warranted.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2005

The 75th anniversary of Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport. An analysis of status and contributions.

In celebration of the 75th anniversary of The Research Quarterly/Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport (RQ/ RQES) an analysis was conducted comparing RQ/RQES to numerous other journals in the field with regard to impact factors and citation rates. A series of analyses was conducted from the first publication of RQ/RQES in 1930 through this 75th edition to identify total citations by decade, the top 10 cited papers, top cited papers by decade, the top three papers in 5-year intervals from the 50th anniversary issue in 1980 through 2001, and the outstanding research writing award papers since this award began 23 years ago.

Bibliometrics↗

PubMed2005

Progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run and body mass index among an ethnically diverse sample of 10-15-year-olds.

This study examined the cardiovascular fitness (CVF, Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run [PACER], number of laps completed) and the prevalence of at risk of overweight (AR) and overweight (OW) among 10-15-year-olds (48% girls)from the following ethnic backgrounds: African American (n = 2,604), Asian-Pacific Islander (n = 3,888), Hispanic (n = 11,680); and White non-Hispanic (n = 16,352). Hierarchal multiple linear regression analysis, controlling for height and weight, with White non-Hispanics serving as the comparison group, revealed a limited number of significant differences among PACER performances, with no values exceeding +/- 4.43 laps. Odds ratios (OR) for being classified as AR or OW were significantly greater (p < .01) in African American (OR = 1.25, 1.65) and Hispanic (OR = 2.33, 2.28) boys and girls, respectively, and Asian boys (OR = 1.43). The results of this cross-sectional analysis indicated negligible differences in CVF among ethnic groups, while AR and OW were consistent with previous reports for ethnic populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Cross-cultural comparison of American and Finnish college students' exercise behavior using transtheoretical model constructs.

Although the benefits of exercise are well documented, an international problem of physical inactivity exists. More research, especially theory based, has been recommended. One promising approach for studying exercise behavior is that proposed in the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) of behavior change. This model, however, has received minimal cross-cultural attention and, relative to the current study, measurement instruments have only recently been translated into the Finnish language. The purpose of this study was to assess American and Finnish college students' exercise behaviors on the basis of TTM. Participants were American (n = 169) and Finnish (n = 168) college students who completed language-specific measures of exercise behavior, stage of change, processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, and temptation. The only cultural difference observed was that the American participants rated themselves higher on barrier self-efficacy relative to the Finnish participants. Regardless of nationality orgender, participants classified by their stage of change differed on all the core constructs assessed. These results generally support the utility of TTM for understanding American and Finnish college students' exercise behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Self-efficacy and the stages and processes of change associated with adopting and maintaining muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.

The majority of physical activity initiatives have been directed toward promoting cardiorespiratory fitness and general health. Far less attention has been devoted to encouraging or understanding muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. The purpose of this study was to determine if constructs from the Transtheoretical Model, a contemporary behavior change framework, could be adapted and applied to the study of muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. Participants were 429 college students who completed measures of stage of change, the behavioral and cognitive processes of change, and self-efficacy. All measures were modified to relate specifically to muscular fitness-promoting behaviors. Two direct discriminant function analyses were performed, revealing that the behavioral processes of change and self-efficacy were the major correlates of the stages of change for muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Factors influencing the exercise behavior of adults with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: Examine the theorized associations of transtheoretical model (TTM) of behavior change constructs (behavioral and cognitive processes of change, decisional balance, and self-efficacy), along with exercise barriers, by stage of change for exercise behavior among individuals with physical disabilities. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey of 322 adults with physical disabilities residing in the United States. Most participants (84.3%) used some form of assistive device (e.g., artificial limb, wheelchair), were female (62.1%), and Caucasian (91.9%). The mean age of participants was 52.5 yr (SD = 13.9). Participants completed and returned questionnaires for each TTM construct, along with an exercise barriers measure. RESULTS: In univariate analyses, all constructs were significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the stages of change for exercise behavior, except for dramatic relief (P > 0.005). The largest portion of variance was derived from counter conditioning (eta = 0.45), followed by the five behavioral processes of change combined (eta = 0.40), self-liberation (eta = 0.31), self-efficacy (eta = 0.30), and self-reevaluation (eta = 0.28). Direct discriminant function (multivariate) analysis revealed four discriminant functions which accounted for 71.0% (P < 0.001), 20.9% (P < 0.001), 6.3% (P < 0.05), and 1.8% (P = 0.62), respectively, of the between-group (stage of change) variability. The overall stage of change classification accuracy was 70.8%. CONCLUSION: This was the first study to examine the stages of change for exercise behavior among adults with physical disabilities on the basis of the full TTM and exercise barriers. Overall, the results are in general agreement with existing evidence among nondisabled populations. This provides further cross-sectional support for the internal and external validity of TTM and exercise barriers among a unique and understudied population segment.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Psychometric assessment of Finnish versions of exercise-related measures of Transtheoretical Model constructs.

The Transtheoretical Model offers a promising approach for understanding exercise behavior. However, this model has received minimal cross-cultural attention, and measurement instruments are only available in English. This gap was addressed by assessing the psychometric properties of translated measures of each core construct from the model. Finnish (n = 168) and American (n = 169) college students completed language specific measures. Among the Finnish, American, and combined samples, the measures demonstrated acceptable reliability. Using regression analysis, 34% 18%,and 26% of the variance in the Finnish, American, and combined samples' exercise behavior, respectively, was explained by self-efficacy and the behavioral processes of change, with no unique variance added by other core constructs or demographic factors. The translation of the Transtheoretical Model of behavior change scales/subscales into Finnish was successful. Within a cross-cultural sample, the translated measures demonstrated acceptable psychometric properties.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Concurrent validity of the BOD POD and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry techniques for assessing body composition in young women.

The purpose of this study was to determine the concurrent validity of the BOD POD (BP) (Life Measurement Instruments) and Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) Elite 4500A (Hologic, Inc.) techniques for assessing the body fat percentage of young women. The participants were forty-three white college-aged women (19.4 +/- 1.4 years) with a BMI of 23.4 +/- 2.3. Both body composition analyses were completed on the same day and were taken within 10 minutes of each other. Body fat percentage was estimated to be 24.3 (SE = 1.1) and 23.8 (SE = 0.8) using the BP and DXA techniques, respectively. Exact matches, in terms of body fat percentage, were obtained for 10 of the 43 participants (23.3%). In conclusion, our data supports the concurrent validity of the BP and DXA techniques for assessing body fat in young women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The association between hormone therapy use and changes in strength and body composition in early postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively examine potential differences in upper- and lower-body muscle strength, lower-body power, lean muscle mass, total body fat, intra-abdominal fat, and energy expenditure (METS) variables in early postmenopausal women. Measurements were taken at baseline and 12 months. DESIGN: Prospective, 1-year non-randomized [self-selected hormone therapy (HT) and non-HT-replaced], longitudinal study with participation from 136 normally active, early [14.2 +/- 9.8 mo past menopause (51.1 +/- 3.0 y) mean age +/- SD] postmenopausal women. Total body fat mass, lean mass, and bone mass were assessed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (Hologic), METS (6-mo activity recall questionnaire) upper- and lower-body peak force by isokinetic dynamometry (KinCom 500H, Chattex Corp.), and leg power by the Bassey Power Rig (Nottingham, UK). RESULTS: We observed no significant differences in central adipose tissue, total fat mass, lean muscle mass, strength, or lower limb power. However, estrogen did promote a maintenance affect in bone mineral density at the spine and total hip and an increase in greater trochanter bone mineral density (P < 0.01) in the estrogen-replaced group. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that HT does not play a role in either increasing or maintaining strength, lean muscle mass, lower limb power, or the attenuation of increases in total body or abdominal fat, at least in this group of postmenopausal women during the initial years of menopause

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Advertising content in physical activity print materials.

Copies of 80 sets of print materials available free of charge to the general public were analyzed to determine the relationship between the developer and advertising-related material. Almost all of the materials had some form of advertising content. Materials from commercial product vendors were most likely to have product logos, references to specific brands, and had the greatest number of logos, and the greatest number of references to specific brands. They were the second most likely to have advertising slogans, and had the second greatest number of advertising slogans.

Advertising↗

PubMedDate not supplied

ADA compliance and the accessibility of physical activity facilities in western Oregon.

OBJECTIVES: One of the mandates of Title III of the Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) is to address the accessibility of public facilities for all people. The aim of this study was to determine how compliant physical activity facilities in western Oregon were with regard to Title III of the ADA. Comparisons were also made with the findings of a study conducted 5 years prior in a different geographic region. METHODS: On the basis of direct observations and physical measurements taken during on-site visits to 50 physical activity facilities located in western Oregon during 2000-2001, facility compliance with Title III of the ADA was characterized in terms of 10 structural domains. RESULTS: No facility was found to be 100% ADA-compliant. Exterior entrance/doors (90%) and telephone accessibility (88%) were the areas where compliance was highest, whereas accessibility to and around exercise equipment (8%) and customer service desk (37%) were areas lowest in compliance. Relative to a previously published study, the facilities in western Oregon showed greater rates of ADA compliance in six of the 10 structural domains evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: There is an on-going need and legal mandate for increasing the accessibility of physical activity facilities. Furthermore, from a social-ecological perspective, the environmental constraints identified in this study might be limiting factors in efforts aimed at increasing individuals with disabilities' physical activity involvement.

Architectural Accessibility↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of a self-determination theory-based mail-mediated intervention on adults' exercise behavior.

PURPOSE: To examine the effect of a mail-mediated intervention, based on self-determination theory, on adults'exercise behavior. METHODS: The study was a randomized control trial conducted over a 2-month period. Of the initial 185 volunteer participants, 126 (68.1%) completed questionnaires at baseline, 1 month, and 2 months. Participants in intervention-only and intervention-plus-booster groups received a mail-delivered packet containing strategies designed to promote perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness regarding exercise. Those in a control group received an American Heart Association physical-activity facts packet. After 1 month, those in the intervention-plus-booster group received a booster postcard, reiterating the main points of the initial intervention packet. Exercise behavior was the primary outcome variable. Perceptions of autonomy, competence, and relatedness were evaluated as mediating variables. RESULTS: Separate 3 (group) x 3 (time) repeated measures analyses of variance conducted for men and women revealed that for women, all three groups significantly increased exercise levels over the 2-month period. No significant interactions were found regarding the influence of the intervention on the mediating variables. A process evaluation indicated a lack of compliance regarding completing intervention-packet worksheets. DISCUSSION: Findings suggested that more intensive interventions and greater fidelity of treatment may be needed to evidence change in exercise behavior.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Predictors of physical activity stage of change among adults with physical disabilities.

PURPOSE: To use the Transtheoretical Model (TTM) constructs to examine the most important physical activity stage of change predictors for mostly inactive adults with physical disabilities. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey completed on the Internet. One hundred fifty-one individuals with physical disabilities (50% response rate) completed the survey questionnaires. Self-report standardized measures were used. RESULTS: A direct discriminant function analysis revealed that the most important stage of change predictors were the behavioral (r2 = .88) and cognitive (r2 = .50) processes of change, followed by self-efficacy (r2 = .33) and decisional balance (r2 = .13). The most accurate stages in prediction were the contemplation (76.3%), preparation (58.3%), and precontemplation (40%) stages, whereas the least accurate stages were the action (0.0%) and maintenance (8.3%) stages. CONCLUSION: Health promoters and educators may use strategies from the TTM to develop theory-driven physical activity motivational programs for the posited populace. Considering the cross-sectional design, study replication is warranted.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Does physical activity behavior vary by handedness?

PURPOSE: Explore whether adults'physical activity behavior or their use of physical activity behavior-change strategies, as derived from the Transtheoretical Model, differed by handedness. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 151 adults' hand preference (i.e., handedness: right, left, ambidextrous) and their use of the behavioral and cognitive processes of change, decisional balance scores (i.e., pros minus cons), self-efficacy, and their stage of change for physical activity involvement. RESULTS: Left-handers showed significantly less use of the behavioral and cognitive processes of change compared to right-handers (M = 46.9 vs. M = 40.5 and M = 46.9 vs. M = 40.5, respectively). Left-handers were also significantly more likely to be in the earlier (i.e., inactive or irregularly active) stages of change relative to right-handers (84.6% vs. 48.1%, respectively). DISCUSSION: Handedness may be a previously unrecognized, heritable correlate of physical activity behavior and the use of physical activity behavior-change strategies.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of American and French college students' stage of change for muscular fitness-promoting behaviors.

PURPOSE: To examine psychosocial concomitants of stages of change for muscular fitness-promoting behavior among college students in America and France. METHODS: Participants were from Lyon 1 University (Claude Bernard), France (n=71) and Oregon State University, United States (n=3). The main variables of interest were nationality, gendes srage of change, cons, pros, and self-efficacy. RESULTS: The majority of Americans reported being in action or maintenance, whereas the majority of French reported being in precontemplation or contemplation (66.2% vs. 56.8%, respectively, p < .001). The only theoretical variable that Americans (adjusted mean [M(adj.) = 9.2) and French (M(adj.) = 7.7) differed on was perceived pros (p <.00 1). Nationality, self-efficacy, and pros were the most important stage-of-change concomitants. Stage-of-change classification accuracy was 47.9%. CONCLUSION: This study questions whether the transtheoretical model is fully generalizable when applied to this specific behavioral application using a mixed-culture sample.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Social support and youth physical activity: the role of provider and type.

OBJECTIVE: To examine provider and type variation in social support (SS) for activity. METHODS: Three hundred sixty-three fifth to eighth-grade students completed a questionnaire assessing self-reported activity and social support (SS) from 3 providers: mom, dad, and peers. Important covariates of activity were included in the analysis: age, BMI, sex, and maturation. RESULTS: Structural equation modeling indicated peers, transportation, and praise affected activity levels. Boys reported greater SS than girls did. Maturation, age, and BMI exhibited unique affects on SS. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing positive feedback, transportation to places to be active, and peer support may prove advantageous in improving activity levels in this age-group.

Adolescent↗