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Biomedical subjects

C A Eaton

Publications and source records attributed to C A Eaton.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The development of a decisional balance measure of physician smoking cessation interventions.

BACKGROUND: Decreasing the prevalence of smoking is an important health care goal, and there is evidence that physicians' advice to quit is an important motivator for patients. However, fewer than half of smokers report that they have ever been advised to quit. This study was conducted to develop a decisional balance measure for physician delivery of smoking cessation interventions. METHODS: This study included a convenience sample of 155 primary care physicians. A decisional balance measure was developed using item generation and development, pilot testing, and principal components analyses. Validity was established by relating the decisional balance measure to a previously validated item of counseling behavior and to physician stage of readiness to deliver smoking cessation counseling. RESULTS: Based on principal components analyses and item analyses, the final measure consisted of 10 Pro and 10 Con items with coefficient alpha of 0.83 and 0.86. The Pros and Cons scales were significantly associated with self-reported counseling to patients who smoke and to stage of readiness to deliver smoking cessation counseling. CONCLUSIONS: A decisional balance measure of physician smoking cessation interventions can be used to assist investigators in developing effective interventions to enhance the delivery of smoking cessation interventions in primary care settings.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Concurrent versus delayed smoking cessation treatment for persons in early alcohol recovery. A pilot study.

This pilot study investigated the efficacy of initiating a smoking cessation intervention early in inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence versus shortly after an inpatient stay. Thirty-six male smokers recruited from an inpatient substance abuse treatment program were randomly assigned to begin smoking cessation either two weeks (concurrent treatment) or six weeks (delayed treatment) after admission to the substance abuse program. Smoking cessation treatment involved three sessions of individual smoking cessation treatment plus eight weeks of transdermal nicotine replacement. Significantly fewer participants began the delayed treatment than the concurrent treatment. Few participants were smoking-abstinent at follow-up, and the timing of treatment onset did not have an impact on smoking outcome. Clinical trials with larger samples may be needed to better evaluate the efficacy of concurrent versus delayed treatment and to test the efficacy of more aggressive interventions with smokers in early alcohol recovery.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2001

Risks associated with alcohol-positive status among adolescents in the emergency department: a matched case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, other risk-taking behaviors, and parental monitoring in adolescents who tested positive for alcohol in an emergency department. STUDY DESIGN: A matched case-control design was implemented for adolescents presenting to a pediatric emergency department who were screened for alcohol use. An alcohol-positive sample (N = 150) was compared with a matched alcohol-negative sample (N = 150) for alcohol use, alcohol problems, depression, smoking, risk-taking behavior, and parental monitoring. RESULTS: The alcohol-positive group reported significantly higher drinking frequency, drinking problems, prior alcohol-related injuries, and episodes of driving after drinking and riding with a drinking driver than the alcohol-negative adolescents. The same pattern was true for depressed mood, reckless behaviors, poor grades in school, and daily smoking. The parents of alcohol-positive teens reported their teens had come home intoxicated more often than parents of alcohol-negative teens. There were no differences between parent groups in monitoring of teens. CONCLUSION: Adolescents who test positive for alcohol in an emergency department are a high-risk group who meet the criteria for indicated prevention. Screening for alcohol abuse is recommended.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

The relationship between anxiety levels and outcome of cocaine abuse treatment.

Although a number of studies have examined the comorbidity of anxiety disorders and substance use disorders, much less is known about the impact of anxiety symptoms on substance use and on substance abuse treatment outcome. In the current study, we examined how self-reported anxiety levels, as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, were related to cocaine use variables and patterns following substance abuse treatment. There were 108 patients in substance abuse treatment who met DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria for cocaine abuse or dependence who completed an assessment battery at pretreatment, posttreatment, and 3-month follow-up. State anxiety scores significantly declined from pre- to posttreatment and remained stable into the 3-month follow-up period regardless of relapse status. Trait anxiety was correlated positively with negative consequences due to cocaine use and negatively correlated with days in treatment. State and trait anxiety both were correlated positively with the Alcohol Composite Index of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI). These findings suggest that elevated anxiety scores at pretreatment subside with time, do not require clinical management of associated anxiety symptoms, and may be a temporary by-product of experiencing negative consequences due to recent cocaine use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Smoking and drinking among alcoholics in treatment: cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between tobacco dependence and alcohol dependence has received considerable scrutiny in the past few years. The present study of alcoholics in treatment for alcoholism extended previous work by investigating the cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between drinking and smoking variables. METHOD: Male and female alcoholics (N = 116) completed a standard assessment of smoking and drinking pretreatment followed by a laboratory assessment of reactivity to alcohol cues. Participants' drinking and smoking were evaluated again 6 months following treatment. RESULTS: (1) Pretreatment tobacco dependence, pretreatment alcohol dependence, urge to smoke and urge to drink were positively correlated; (2) smoking rates and drinking rates were not correlated either before or following treatment; (3) pretreatment smoking history did not predict posttreatment drinking; (4) the rate of smoking declined following treatment for alcoholism for 45% of the smoking patients who completed a 6-month follow-up, independent of relapse status; and (5) relapsers who smoked more heavily also drank less frequently during follow up. CONCLUSIONS: Consistent but modest cross-sectional relationships between drinking and smoking variables before alcohol treatment decrease after treatment for alcohol dependence. A spontaneous improvement in smoking rate occurs in many (45%), particularly among those who smoked more heavily pretreatment and thus benefit most by the reduction. Directions for future research are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of compliance with naltrexone among alcoholics.

OBJECTIVE: Naltrexone has been found to be an effective adjunct to treatment to reduce the rate of drinking among alcoholics. However, adherence to the medication has been of considerable concern; the high rates of noncompliance with the medication limits the benefits that could potentially be realized from this pharmacotherapy. Knowledge of predictors of noncompliance could result in interventions targeted at these variables. METHOD: Participants were 128 alcohol-dependent patients who participated in a clinical placebo-controlled trial of naltrexone. Upon discharge from a 1- to 2-week partial hospital program, patients were randomly placed into 12 weeks of naltrexone (50 mg/day) or placebo (n = 64 per condition). Patients met with a physician and a research assistant weekly for 4 weeks then biweekly for 8 weeks. RESULTS: Compliance (number of days taking medication) was not predicted by demographic or pretreatment alcohol use variables. Number and severity of side effects in the first week, particularly nausea and fatigue, predicted early termination. Compliance was not predicted by commitment to abstinence or self-efficacy about abstinence, but was greater among patients who believed more strongly that the medication would help them stay sober. Compliance was not predicted by general level of urge to drink during the first week on medication but compliance was greater among those with a higher urge to drink in response to alcohol stimuli in the laboratory. CONCLUSIONS: Implications for approaches to increase compliance include reducing side effects and increasing patients' beliefs in the efficacy of naltrexone.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

The cost-effectiveness of a new chlorhexidine delivery system in the treatment of adult periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Periodontal treatment is costly. The authors assessed the potential economic impact of a new periodontal chemotherapeutic, testing the hypothesis that its adjunctive use would result in reduced periodontal surgical needs. METHODS: An economic model estimated treatment needs following two clinical trials of the adjunctive use of a chlorhexidine, or CHX, -containing chip compared with scaling and root planing, or SRP, alone. Needs were based on periodontal status at nine months and a probabilistic algorithm; costs were assigned on the basis of a national dental survey and an average wholesale price of the CHX chip. RESULTS: The base case model projected significantly more maintenance procedures and significantly fewer periodontal surgical procedures for patients treated with SRP and the CHX chip compared with patients who were treated with SRP alone (54.4 percent vs. 46.4 percent, P = .014; 29.2 percent vs. 35.5 percent, P = .015, respectively). Average total costs of care for patients treated with SRP and CHX chip were $737 +/- $244 compared with $734 +/- $239 for patients treated with SRP alone. Sensitivity analyses to account for variations in practice patterns did not appreciably alter the results. When data were analyzed after only three or six months of treatment, the significant differences in treatment needs disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: The CHX chip is a new, apparently cost-effective treatment option for non-surgical periodontal therapy. Adjunctive use of the CHX chip could reduce periodontal surgical needs significantly at little or no additional cost. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Results suggest that incorporating the CHX chip into routine practice requires a new algorithm for management of periodontal disease. To obtain full clinical benefit, treatment needs to be continued for nine months.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of foscarnet on quantities of cytomegalovirus and human immunodeficiency virus in blood of persons with AIDS.

Four intravenous dosages of foscarnet given for 10 days were compared with no therapy in persons with AIDS who had asymptomatic cytomegalovirus (CMV) viremia. CMV viremia was quantitated by endpoint cell dilution microcultures, pp65 antigenemia assay, and measurement of CMV DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes by a quantitative-competitive PCR. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viremia was quantitated by endpoint cell dilution microculture, serum p24 antigen assay, and PCR for HIV-1 RNA in plasma. Twenty-seven subjects who had received a median of 22 months of nucleoside antiretroviral therapy were enrolled. Twenty-two subjects received foscarnet, which was well tolerated and decreased the CMV burden, as reflected by all three indicator assays. During the 10 days of dosing, the level of CMV viremia, as measured by 50 percent tissue culture infective doses, decreased from 117.5 to 12.7 (P = 0.001), the amount of CMV DNA decreased from 20,328 copies to 622 copies per 150,000 leukocytes (P = 0.02), and the level of CMV pp65 antigenemia decreased from 14.9 to 1.6 positive peripheral blood mononuclear cells per 50,000 leukocytes (P = 0.008). A significant pharmacodynamic relationship was found between the peak foscarnet concentration and a decrease in the level of CMV antigenemia (P < 0.05). Foscarnet had no effect on quantitative HIV-1 microcultures during the 10 days of treatment, but the HIV-1 p24 antigen level in serum decreased significantly, from 454 to 305 pg/ml (P = 0.01). Also, a significant pharmacodynamic relationship was seen between plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and both peak foscarnet concentration (P < 0.01) and the area under the foscarnet time-concentration curve (P < 0.05). Reductions in the levels of CMV and HIV-1 viremia correlated quantitatively with systemic exposure to foscarnet, whereas control subjects actually experienced an increase in CMV and HIV-1 burdens. The dual antiviral activity of foscarnet shown in this trial encourages investigation of its use in combination with other antiretroviral therapies for persons with AIDS.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
PubMed1991

Self-efficacy in weight management.

Self-efficacy is an important mediating mechanism in advancing understanding of the treatment of obesity. This study developed and validated the Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire (WEL), improving on previous studies by the use of clinical populations, cross-validation of the initial factor analysis, exploration of the best fitting theoretical model of self-efficacy, and examination of change in treatment. The resulting 20-item WEL consists of five situational factors: Negative Emotions, Availability, Social Pressure, Physical Discomfort, and Positive Activities. A hierarchical model was found to provide the best fit to the data. Results from two separate clinical treatment studies (total N = 382) show that the WEL is sensitive to changes in global scores as well as to a subset of the five situational factor scores. Treatment programs may be incomplete if they change only a subset of the situational dimensions of self-efficacy. Theoretical and clinical implications are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Interaction between Aeromonas salmonicida and peritoneal macrophages of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis).

The phagocytic and bactericidal properties of peritoneal macrophages obtained from brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis), injected with either glycogen or a modified Freund's complete adjuvant (MFCA), were evaluated against an avirulent and a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida. Avirulent bacteria were effectively phagocytized and killed by macrophages obtained from fish injected with both irritants. With glycogen-elicited macrophages, no enhancement of killing was observed following opsonization of avirulent bacteria with specific antibodies. A killing index (K.I.) of 38 was obtained, compared to a K.I. of 39 for unopsonized bacteria. When avirulent bacteria were opsonized with complement, the K.I. was increased to 67. Virulent bacteria were less susceptible to the phagocytic and the bactericidal activities of glycogen-elicited macrophages, even after opsonization with antibodies and/or complement, K.I. of 9 to 15. In contrast, MFCA-elicited macrophages showed increased phagocytic and bactericidal activities against both strains. The K.I. of unopsonized virulent bacteria was increased to 47 and 46 compared to K.I. of 4 and 7 obtained with glycogen-elicited macrophages.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1980

Marine docosenoic acid isomer distribution in the plasma of Greenland Eskimos.

The natural docosenoic acid in the human diet can be predominantly 22:1 omega 9 if of plant (generally rapeseed oil) origin, or predominantly 22:1 omega 11 if of marine origin. The fatty fatty acids of dietary fats (meals) and plasma lipids of some Greenland eskimos were examined by open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography. The dietary docosenoic acid isomer distribution pattern showed 22:1 omega 11 to be about 5 times 22:1 omega 9, a ratio typical of marine mammal fats. A similar ratio was also found in the plasma fatty acids, but with a slightly higher proportion of 22:1 omega 9. When correlated with the excellent cardiovascular health of Greenland eskimos, the docosenoic acid data suggest that current concern as to the impact of dietary docosenoic acids on the human myocardium, largely based on animal feeding studies, may be exaggerated.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Distinctive medium chain wax esters, triglycerides, and diacyl glyceryl ethers in the head fats of the Pacific beaked whale, Berardius bairdi.

Lipids were extracted from the mandibular fat body (jaw), the fatty forehead (melon), and the dorsal blubber of a Pacific beaked whale (Berardius bairdi) and separated into lipid classes by preparative thin layer chromatogrphy. The head fats were mixtures of wax esters and triglycerides with a very small amount of diacyl glyceryl ether. The blubber fat contained 97% wax ester and 3% triglyceride. Gas liquid chromatography (GLC) of the intac lipid classes indicated an unusually low C26-C30 range for most of the jaw and melon wax esters compared to the more normal C32-C40 molecules found in the blubber. Distinctive lower molecular weight C24-C40 triglycerides occurred in the head fats vs. the usual C44-C58 range in the blubber. Most diacyl glyceryl ethers were in the C35-C46 range, below the molecular weight of hexadecyldipalmitoyl glyceryl ether (C48). GLC of the derived fatty acid methyl esters showed that the lower molecular weight neutral lipids in the head fats were due to high levels of iso-10:0, n-10:0, iso-11:0, iso-12:0, N-12:0, and iso-13:0 acids. The wax ester fatty alcohols and the alkoxy chains of the glyceryl ethers were mostly the C14-C20 chain lengths commonly observed in marine organisms. The distinctive medium chain neutral lipids in the jaw and melon fats of this whale may be related to the postulated acoustical role of these tissues in echolocation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Lipids of freshwater Dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis: comparison of odontocete bioacoustic lipids and habitat.

The melon and jaw lipids of the freshwater dolphin Sotalia fluviatilis are composed mainly of isovaleroyl wax esters and diisovaleroyl triglycerides. The blubber fat contains only a trace of wax ester and is mostly tri-(long chain) and monoisovaleroyl triglycerides. Detailed gas liquid chromatographic analyses of the intact wax esters and triglycerides and of the derived fatty acids and fatty alcohols indicate common compositional patterns in the wax esters and triglycerides of the respective head lipids. Both odd and even long chain (C12-C16) isostructures are prominent in the melon and jaw lipids, but only higher odd chain length iso-acids are major components in the blubber. Sotalia fluviatilis (family Delphinidae) and Inia geoffrensis (family Platanistidae) share the same freshwater habitat in the upper Amazon River, and both utilize echolocation to navigate and to find food. Comparison of their respective bioacoustical lipid compositions show distinctive types of head fats, Sotalia being rich in iso-5:0 and Inia lacking iso-5:0. This indicates that iso-valeric acid per se has no obligatory role in dolphin echolocation.

Acoustics↗