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Biomedical subjects

C A Lloyd

Publications and source records attributed to C A Lloyd.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1998

Depressive thinking and dysfunctional schematic mental models.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the replicability and generalizability of findings suggesting that mood-dependent negative thinking in depression reflects changes in the schematic mental models through which the world is interpreted, rather than a generalized increase in accessibility of negative constructs. DESIGN: Depressed and non-depressed samples were compared on a sentence completion task concerning anticipated outcomes of social approval or success. This task was designed so that the schematic mental models view predicted more positive completions from depressed participants, the construct accessibility view predicting the opposite. METHODS: A total of 98 depressed participants (scoring > 15 on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; CESD) from a depressive self-help organization, and 50 non-depressed controls (CESD < 16) completed the CESD, Sentence Completion Task and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS). RESULTS: Depressed participants made more positive completions in the Sentence Completion Task, and scored higher on the DAS than controls. Subanalyses suggested that the depressed group's increased positive completions were accounted for largely by those currently in psychiatric treatment; these participants also showed greater evidence of dysfunctional schematic models on DAS. CONCLUSIONS: For depressed participants in psychiatric treatment, results replicate previous findings, supporting the view that negative depressive thinking reflects a change in schematic mental models through which the world is interpreted. Results are inconsistent with predictions from the construct accessibility view. The results have methodological implications for the use of the sentence completion task in future studies.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Stimulus-independent thought depends on central executive resources.

Stimulus-independent thoughts (SITs) are streams of thoughts and images unrelated to immediate sensory input. Four experiments examined the contribution of aspects of working memory to production of SITs. In Experiments 1 and 2, interventions that were targeted on, respectively, phonological and visuospatial components of working memory both interfered with production of SITs, but there was evidence that these tasks also made demands on central executive resources. Experiments 3 and 4 specifically examined the hypothesis that production of SITs and control of nonproceduralized tasks both depend on central executive resources, and so should show mutual interference. In Experiment 3, prior practice on pursuit rotor and memory tasks reduced the interference with SITs from concurrent task performance. In Experiment 4, randomness within a task involving random-number generation was less when SITs were being produced concurrently than it was when they were not. The results suggest that production of SITs depends on central executive resources.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The prevalence of coeliac disease in adult diabetes mellitus.

Coeliac disease occurs more commonly in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) than in the general population, but the prevalence of coeliac disease in adults with diabetes is unknown. We therefore screened an adult hospital-based diabetic population using IgA antigliadin antibody (IgA-AGA) to identify those patients requiring intestinal biopsy. In 1 year, 1789 patients (43% IDDM, 57% NIDDM) were screened, and 73 had raised IgA-AGA. Of these patients, 49 agreed to duodenal biopsy and 13 (10 IDDM) had coeliac disease. Selective IgA deficiency was found in eight patients, one of whom had coeliac disease. Of these 14 patients with newly diagnosed coeliac disease, four had microcytic anaemia, nine a low serum ferritin, and four a low albumin-corrected calcium. Eight patients had symptoms which improved on gluten withdrawal. Dietary compliance was maintained in 6/8 symptomatic patients, but only in 1/6 without symptoms. Included in the 1789 patients were four (all IDDM) with known coeliac disease. The overall prevalence of coeliac disease in adult patients with IDDM was 1:50 compared with 1:340 in NIDDM. Coeliac disease is common in adults with IDDM and may cause malabsorption and ill health. It should be suspected in any IDDM patient with gastrointestinal symptoms or unexplained anaemia.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Goal attainment scaling with hospitalized sexual offenders.

Forty-six hospitalized sex offenders participated in a 6-month evaluation of treatment outcome. This study used the concept of goal attainment scaling, an individualized, scaled description of personal goals, for measuring therapeutic outcome. Conjoint therapist and patient goal setting resulted in 180 treatment goals being set. At follow-up, 38 patients exceeded the "expected" success level on a total of 159 treatment goals, whereas eight patients only made minimal progress on 21 of their 40 selected goals. Despite the benign clinical improvement shown by most patients, few patients actually achieved the best anticipated level of attainment on all of their personal goals (usually three to six goals). Retrospective review of all goal attainment scaling protocols indicated that four major content dimensions account for nearly all of the goals devised: sexual deviation, 30 goals; anger and emotional expression, 64 goals; self concept, 31 goals; and poor interpersonal relations, 51 goals. These goal-oriented profiles may have important ramifications for the future assessment, program planning, and rehabilitation of convicted sex offenders.

Adolescent↗