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Biomedical subjects

C Anderson

Publications and source records attributed to C Anderson.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Ethnic differences in cancer risk behaviors through the transition out of high school.

Differences were assessed by ethnic group in the performance of cancer risk related lifestyle behaviors through the transition out of high school. Data were obtained from a nationally representative probability sample survey, the 1992 National Health Interview Survey-Youth Risk Behavior Survey. A cross-sectional sub-sample included adolescents with an age range from high school freshmen to young adults within four years after high school. Self reported indicators of diet, physical activity, cigarette smoking, smokeless tobacco use, alcohol use, and sexual practices were the primary dependent measures. Cancer risk increased at the transition out of high school through changes in cancer related behaviors. Hispanic-American males experienced somewhat higher risks after the transition for chewing tobacco and snuff. African Americans experienced somewhat higher risks after the transition for physical activity, chewing tobacco, and number of sexual partners. Further research needs to verify these findings with longitudinal designs, assessment of tracking of behaviors through the transition, and of the ecological, social and psychosocial correlates that may explain why these changes occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Cerebral white matter lesions in primary Sjögren's syndrome: a controlled study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of neurological and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) abnormalities in a well defined population of unselected patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) and age and sex matched healthy patients. METHODS: Thirty patients with SS and 29 age and sex matched controls were examined by a neurologist and subsequently underwent MRI scanning with a 1.0 Tesla Siemens Impact MR scanner. Scans were graded by a neuroradiologist blinded to the clinical status of each subject. The number and location of white matter lesions > 3 mm in long axis (to exclude non-specific perivascular changes) were recorded for each subject. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in lesions detected by MRI in SS patients versus controls (p = 0.02) including deep white matter lesions (p = 0.03) and subcortical white matter lesions (p = 0.02). The presence of white matter lesions did not correlate with serum IgG or rheumatoid factor levels, or with presence of anticardiolipin antibodies. No subjects had symptoms or signs of serious neurological disease including multiple sclerosis, and corpus callosal lesions commonly seen in multiple sclerosis were notably absent in this study. CONCLUSION: Cerebral white matter lesions detected by MRI are more frequent in patients with primary SS than control subjects, yet do not appear to be associated with significant clinical manifestations. Although the pathological nature of these lesions is yet to be defined, their presence should not be over-interpreted.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Benchmarking in home health care: a collaborative approach.

Benchmarking outcome data and constructing "best practices" to meet patient care needs are emerging trends and new mandates on the horizon in home care. The Arizona Association for Home Care Continuous Quality Improvement Forum embarked on a journey to develop standards to define and monitor urinary tract infections in the home. A collaborative process among six home care agencies allowed for comparison of urinary tract infection rates and a beginning step toward establishing benchmarking standards in home care.

Arizona↗
PubMed1998

Novel mutation in the FGFR2 gene at the same codon as the Crouzon syndrome mutations in a severe Pfeiffer syndrome type 2 case.

We have studied an infant with cloverleaf skull, proptosis, radioulnar synostosis and broad thumbs and great toes diagnosed as Pfeiffer syndrome type 2. However, there were many overlapping findings with Antley-Bixler syndrome. The patient was found to have a G to T mutation in codon 290 exon 7 of the FGFR2 gene leading to a substitution of a cys for the normal trp at this locus. This is the third mutation characterized at this codon; therefore, this locus appears to be a mutational hotspot in the gene. However, the other known mutations lead to a milder, Crouzon-like phenotype. The introduction of an additional cys into a region characterized by immunoglobulin-type loops maintained by cys S-S crosslinking may provide an explanation for the severity of the clinical findings of this child.

Acrocephalosyndactylia↗
PubMed1998

Types of spiritual well-being among persons with chronic illness: their relation to various forms of quality of life.

OBJECTIVES: Derive a spiritual well-being classification and thereby enhance understanding of the relation between spiritual well-being, quality of life (QOL), and health among persons with chronic illness or disability. DESIGN: Cluster analyses were performed to develop a spiritual well-being classification. Analysis of variance was used to compare cluster groups on various dimensions of QOL. SETTING: Part of a larger QOL study conducted at a midwestern medical center. PATIENTS: A convenience sample of 216 inpatients: amputation (n = 74), postpolio (n = 37), spinal cord injury (n = 34), breast cancer (n = 36), and prostate cancer (n = 35). Minors were excluded from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT), Functional Living Index-Cancer (FLIC), Sickness Impact Profile (SIP), Medical Outcome Survey-Short Form (SF-36), and the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS). RESULTS: Three types of spiritual well-being were identified: religious (n = 146), existential (n = 37), and nonspiritual (n = 30). Significant cluster differences (p < .03 to p < .001) were observed across all QOL domains and life satisfaction. Compared with the other cluster groups, the nonspiritual group reported significantly lower levels of QOL and life satisfaction and the highest proportion of health status change with respect to both improvement and decline in health. CONCLUSIONS: Three types of spiritual well-being were empirically identified in this sample. Subtypes differed significantly with respect to various aspects of QOL. Further research is needed to validate this classification and to determine if type of spiritual well-being has a causal effect on treatment outcome or on the recovery process.

Attitude↗
PubMed1998

A randomized trial of an intervention to prevent lawnmower injuries in children.

The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission reports about 60,000 emergency room visits for lawnmower injuries annually with 20% to children under 15 years. Employing a randomized pre-post control group design, the current study evaluated a 20-minute video intervention to increase parents' (n = 80) safety awareness and preventive actions. The setting was an outpatient clinic at a Children's Hospital. Differences favoring the intervention group were found for four of six behavior outcomes. For example, the proportion reporting never allowing children near operating mowers increased from half to two-thirds with no change among comparison group parents. In addition, significant increases in severity beliefs were found. The results provide formative support for the video intervention which possesses the key advantages of ease of use and constancy of message.

Accidents, Home↗
PubMed1998

Mediating variable framework in physical activity interventions. How are we doing? How might we do better?

INTRODUCTION: Behavioral science provides the foundation for physical activity interventions. The mediating variable framework is used to assess the status of physical activity interventions and the roles that are, or could be played, by behavioral theory. METHODS: Twenty-five physical activity intervention studies and 45 physical activity correlational studies were found in the literature, tabulated, and included in the analysis. RESULTS: Behavioral interventions for promoting physical activity have worked primarily when participants were motivated enough to volunteer or when a school-based physical education program changed. In most cases, behavioral or psychosocial theory accounted for 30% or less of the variability in physical activity behaviors. Most intervention studies do not measure mediating variables, and when they do, they do not systematically effect changes in all the mediating variables on which they are predicated. DISCUSSION: To increase the effectiveness of physical activity interventions, more physical activity research should focus on a better understanding of the predictors of physical activity and toward interventions demonstrated to effect change in these predictors of physical activity. CONCLUSION: Changing the focus to basic behavioral and social science and mediator change research should provide a more systematic and cost-effective approach to increasing the effectiveness of physical activity interventions.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Gastro-oesophageal reflux associated with nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough on proton pump inhibitors.

BACKGROUND: Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough, defined as intragastric pH < 4 for more than 1 h in the overnight period, is observed in up to 70% of normal subjects on proton pump inhibitors taken twice daily. The frequency of this breakthrough in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux and accompanying oesophageal reflux during this period has not been studied. AIM: To examine the frequency of nocturnal break-through and accompanying oesophageal acid exposure in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux treated with proton pump inhibitors twice daily. METHODS: Prolonged ambulatory pH records from 76 patients on twice daily proton pump inhibitors between January 1991 and July 1997 were analysed for the presence of nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough and accompanying oesophageal pH < 4. Studies from 31 normal subjects on twice daily proton pump inhibitors constituted the control group. RESULTS: Nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough was seen in 70% of 61 patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux, 80% of 15 patients with Barrett's oesophagus and 67% of normal controls (P=N.S.). Oesophageal acid exposure was seen in 33% of gastro-oesophageal reflux patients, 50% of Barrett's oesophagus patients and 8% of normal controls (P < 0.03). No difference was found between patients taking omeprazole or lansoprazole. CONCLUSION: Nocturnal acid breakthrough is frequently seen on proton pump inhibitors twice daily and is often accompanied by oesophageal reflux. This has important implications for medical therapy in patients with severe gastro-oesophageal reflux and Barrett's oesophagus.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1998

Topical penetration of commercial salicylate esters and salts using human isolated skin and clinical microdialysis studies.

AIMS: The penetration of active ingredients from topically applied anti-inflammatory pharmaceutical products into tissues below the skin is the basis of their therapeutic efficacy. There is still controversy as to whether these agents are capable of direct penetration by diffusion through the tissues or whether redistribution in the systemic circulation is responsible for their tissue deposition below the application site. METHODS: The extent of direct penetration of salicylate from commercial ester and salt formulations into the dermal and subcutaneous tissue of human volunteers was determined using the technique of cutaneous microdialysis. We also examined differences in the extent of hydrolysis of the methylester of salicylate applied topically in human volunteers and in vitro skin diffusion cells using full-thickness skin and epidermal membranes. RESULTS: The present study showed that whilst significant levels of salicylate could be detected in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue of volunteers treated with the methylsalicylate formulation, negligible levels of salicylate were seen following application of the triethanolamine salicylate formulation. The tissue levels ofsalicylate from the methylsalicylate formulation were approx. 30-fold higher than the plasma concentrations. CONCLUSION: The absorption and tissue concentration profiles for the commercial methylsalicylate formulation are indicative of direct tissue penetration and not solely redistribution by the systemic blood supply.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1998

Estrogen receptor activation function 1 works by binding p160 coactivator proteins.

Estrogen receptor-alpha contains two transactivation functions, a weak constitutive activation function (AF-1) and a hormone-dependent activation function (AF-2). AF-2 works by recruiting a large coactivator complex, composed of one or more p160s, CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300, and P/CAF (p300 and CBP-associated factor), via direct contacts with the p160s. We report here that independent AF-1 activity also requires p160 contacts. Unlike AF-2, which binds signature NR boxes in the center of the p160 molecule, AF-1 binds to sequences near the p160 C terminus. We propose that the ability of AF-1 and AF-2 to interact with separate surfaces of the same coactivator is important for the ability of these transactivation functions to synergize.

Acetyltransferases↗
PubMed1998

Patient assessment: a systematic approach.

Patient assessment is an important component of any nurse's role. It allows patient care to be prioritized in an appropriate manner and it forms the basis of nursing care plans both of which impact on patient outcomes.

Humans↗
PubMed1998

Immediate and residual changes in dorsiflexion range of motion using an ultrasound heat and stretch routine.

OBJECTIVE: With respect to increasing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, our objective was to examine the influence, if any, of preheating the triceps surae with ultrasound before stretching. DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects were assigned to either group A (ultrasound and stretch) or group B (stretch alone). Group A received 3-MHz ultrasound (1.5 W/cm(2), 4 times effective radiating area) for 7 minutes to the musculotendinous junction of the triceps surae before stretching. Group B rested for 7 minutes before stretching. Both groups then performed identical calf stretches for 4 minutes. Treatment for both groups was conducted at the Brigham Young University Sports Injury Research Laboratory twice daily for 5 days with at least 3 hours between procedures. We analyzed the data with a 2 x 3 x 10 factorial analysis of variance with repeated measures. A Tukey post hoc test was used to identify significant differences in range of motion. SUBJECTS: Forty college students (male = 18, female = 22, age = 20.4 +/- 2.5 years) volunteered for the study. MEASUREMENTS: Maximal ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was measured using an inclinometer before and after each treatment. RESULTS: Immediate effects were that ultrasound and stretch increased mean dorsiflexion range of motion in all sessions significantly more than stretch alone in three treatment sessions. Residual effects were that dorsiflexion range of motion increased 3 degrees in both groups after nine treatment sessions; however, neither group significantly outperformed the other. CONCLUSION: As studied, an ultrasound and stretch routine may increase immediate range of motion more than stretch alone, possibly enhancing performance in practice and competition. This increased range of motion, however, is not maintained over the long term and is not more than the range of motion gained from stretching alone. A similar study using subjects with decreased range of motion after immobilization or injury should be conducted to see if the ultrasound and stretch regimen would produce lasting range-of-motion increases.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Proton MR spectroscopy in Lesch-Nyhan disease.

In vivo proton spectra for four patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease and four control subjects matched for age and sex were acquired from voxels (1.5 x 1.5 x 1.5 cm3) placed in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. The patients with Lesch-Nyhan disease had decreased metabolites, especially N-acetylaspartate and glutamate/glutamine, only in the prefrontal cortex as compared with the control group. These findings suggest axonal loss in the prefrontal area of this population. The cortical glutamate/glutamine peak decrement does not confirm cytopathologic studies of Lesch-Nyhan disease and deserves further investigation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Violence in television commercials during nonviolent programming. The 1996 Major League Baseball playoffs.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of violent television commercials aired during major league baseball playoffs, traditionally thought to be a family-oriented viewing time. DESIGN AND SETTING: All 6 World Series games televised on the Fox Television Network (Fox), all 5 American League Championship Series playoff games televised by the National Broadcasting Company (NBC), and 4 first-round playoff games televised by ESPN Sports Television Network (ESPN) were videotaped in October 1996. RESULTS: During the 15 televised games reviewed, 104 (6.8%) of the 1528 commercials contained violent content. Sixty-one commercials (10 per game) that included violent interactions were noted during the World Series, 30 (6 per game) during the American League Championship Series, and 13 (3 per game) during the 4 first-round playoff games for a total of 104. In these 104 violent commercials, 69 contained at least 1 violent act, 90 contained at least 1 violent threat, and 27 contained evidence of at least 1 violent consequence. Seventy (67.3%) of the violent commercials were promotions for television programs, 7 (6.7%) were cable television program advertisements, and 20 (19.2%) were big-screen movie promotions. Twenty (71.4%) of 28 big-screen movie promotions were violent. Twenty-two (21.2%) of the 104 violent commercials and 7 "nonviolent" commercials contained blood or other graphic content, all of which were televised during the Fox presentation of the World Series. Fox also accounted for all 24 violent commercials that used a knife. Guns were involved in 25 violent commercials on NBC (5.0 per game), in 20 on Fox (3.33 per game), and in 7 on ESPN (1.75 per game). CONCLUSION: Overt violent content in commercials during the 1996 major league playoffs was common and consisted mainly of promotions for television programs and big-screen movies. It is counterintuitive to find such commercials in nonviolent programming and makes it difficult for parents to avoid exposing their children to this form of violence.

Advertising↗