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C Auffray

Publications and source records attributed to C Auffray.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1997

New chicken Rfp-Y haplotypes on the basis of MHC class II RFLP and MLC analyses.

New chicken Rfp-Y haplotypes were determined by the use of restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) in four different chicken haplotypes, B15, B19, B21, B201. The RFLP polymorphism was mapped to the Rfp-Y system by the use of a subclone (18.1) which maps near a polymorphic lectin gene located in the Rfp-Y system and DNA from families with known segregation of the implicated RFLP polymorphism. For the first time it is shown that major histocompatibility complex class II genes in the Rfp-Y system have functional implications. Sequence information of the B1 domain of the proposed Rfp-Y haplotypes was obtained which supported the functional data.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

A gene map of the human genome.

The human genome is thought to harbor 50,000 to 100,000 genes, of which about half have been sampled to date in the form of expressed sequence tags. An international consortium was organized to develop and map gene-based sequence tagged site markers on a set of two radiation hybrid panels and a yeast artificial chromosome library. More than 16,000 human genes have been mapped relative to a framework map that contains about 1000 polymorphic genetic markers. The gene map unifies the existing genetic and physical maps with the nucleotide and protein sequence databases in a fashion that should speed the discovery of genes underlying inherited human disease. The integrated resource is available through a site on the World Wide Web at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SCIENCE96/.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Regional localization of 192 genic markers on human chromosome 1.

A panel of somatic cell hybrids has been used to localize 192 novel eSTS markers to seven individual subregions of human chromosome 1. The positions of the breakpoints in each of these hybrids have been determined relative to the genetic linkage map of chromosome 1, and so the approximate locations of the genes from which the eSTS markers have been derived can be determined. Although the distribution of the eSTS markers is relatively random, 23% were assigned to the 1p34-p36 region. The hybrid mapping panel does not subdivide the 1q24-q44 region, which contains 36% of the eSTS markers. This analysis, therefore, provides a series of genic markers in which to search for candidates for a variety of human genetic disorders and recessive oncogenes mapped to the same relative position on the chromosome.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1996

Assignment of Rfp-Y to the chicken major histocompatibility complex/NOR microchromosome and evidence for high-frequency recombination associated with the nucleolar organizer region.

Rfp-Y is a second region in the genome of the chicken containing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II genes. Haplotypes of Rfp-Y assort independently from haplotypes of the B system, a region known to function as a MHC and to be located on chromosome 16 (a microchromosome) with the single nucleolar organizer region (NOR) in the chicken genome. Linkage mapping with reference populations failed to reveal the location of Rfp-Y, leaving Rfp-Y unlinked in a map containing >400 markers. A possible location of Rfp-Y became apparent in studies of chickens trisomic for chromosome 16 when it was noted that the intensity of restriction fragments associated with Rfp-Y increased with increasing copy number of chromosome 16. Further evidence that Rfp-Y might be located on chromosome 16 was obtained when individuals trisomic for chromosome 16 were found to transmit three Rfp-Y haplotypes. Finally, mapping of cosmid cluster III of the molecular map of chicken MHC genes (containing a MHC class II gene and two rRNA genes) to Rfp-Y validated the assignment of Rfp-Y to the MHC/NOR microchromosome. A genetic map can now be drawn for a portion of chicken chromosome 16 with Rfp-Y, encompassing two MHC class I and three MHC class II genes, separated from the B system by a region containing the NOR and exhibiting highly frequent recombination.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Incorporation of 35 novel gene transcripts into the physical and genetic map of human chromosome 13.

A panel of somatic cell hybrids carrying a defined set of rearrangements involving chromosome 13 has been used to assign 35 novel gene transcripts regionally. The positions of the chromosome 13 breakpoints in each somatic cell hybrid have previously been defined relative to the Généthon genetic linkage map. As a result, the position of each gene transcript has been determined relative to both the physical and the genetic linkage maps. Analysis of the distribution of these gene transcripts indicates a slight overrepresentation toward locations on the distal long arm of chromosome 13, with no localizations noted in the 13q22-q31 region. Seven of these novel gene transcripts and the gene encoding small ribonucleoprotein U6 have been mapped to YACs known to contain Généthon microsatellite markers, thereby providing further sublocalization relative to the genetic map. The positioning the these gene transcripts within the genetic and physical maps provide candidate genes for disease loci that are being mapped to the same intervals on the chromosome.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Integrated physical, genetic, and genic map covering 3 Mb around the human NGF gene (NGFB) at 1p13.

We have characterized 11 overlapping yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) in the 1p13 region, 8 of them containing the human nerve growth factor (NGF) gene (HGMW-approved symbol NGFB). Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) corresponding to YAC extremities have been designed and used for chromosome assignment on a panel of monochromosomic somatic cell hybrids to check for YAC chimerism, in parallel with analyses by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Determination of end STS content and restriction mapping of the YACs led to the construction of a 3-Mb YAC contig. Four microsatellite markers from the Généthon collection and seven genes known to map to the 1p13 region have been ordered on the contig around the NGF gene. A new gene transcript from the Genexpress catalog has been localized on the contig. This work provides an integrated physical, genetic, and genic map of this chromosome 1 region. It constitutes a basis for determining the structure of the NGF gene and for further characterizing its genic environment.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A radiation hybrid map of the human genome.

We have developed a panel of whole-genome radiation hybrids by fusing irradiated diploid human fibroblasts with recipient hamster cells. This panel of 168 cell lines has been typed with microsatellite markers of known genetic location. Of 711 AFM genetic markers 404 were selected to construct a robust framework map that spans all the autosomes and the X chromosome. To demonstrate the utility of the panel, 374 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) previously assigned to chromosomes 1, 2, 14 and 16 were localized on this map. All of these ESTs could be positioned by pairwise linkage to one of the framework markers with a LOD score of greater than 8. The whole genome radiation hybrid panel described here has been used as the starting material for the Genebridge4 panel that is being made widely available for genome mapping projects.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Novel gene transcripts preferentially expressed in human muscles revealed by quantitative hybridization of a high density cDNA array.

A set of 1091 human skeletal muscle cDNA clone inserts representing more than 800 human gene transcripts were spotted as PCR products at high density on nylon membranes. Replicas of the filters were hybridized in stringent conditions with 33P-radiolabeled cDNA probes transcribed from skeletal muscle poly(A)+ RNA. Hybridization signals were collected on phosphor screens and processed using a software specifically adapted for this application to identify and quantitate each spot. Parameters likely to influence the hybridization signal intensity were assessed to eliminate artifacts. Each clone was assigned to one of four intensity classes reflecting the steady-state level of transcription of the corresponding gene in skeletal muscle. Differential expression of specific gene transcripts was detected using complex cDNA probes derived from nine different tissues, allowing assessment of their tissue specificity. This made it possible to identify 48 novel gene transcripts (including 7 homologous or related to known sequences) with a muscle-restricted pattern of expression. These results were validated through the analysis of known muscle-specific transcripts and by Northern analysis of a subset of the novel gene transcripts. All these genes have been registered in the Genexpress Index, such that sequence, map, and expression data can be used to decipher their role in the physiology and pathology of human muscles.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed1996

Mapping of the genetically independent chicken major histocompatibility complexes B@ and RFP-Y@ to the same microchromosome by two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization.

The chicken MHC is organized in two genetically independent gene complexes B@ and RFP-Y@. Previous studies have shown the localization of the B@ complex on a small microchromosome. By using two-color fluorescent in situ hybridization, we demonstrate the localization of the RFP-Y@ complex to the same chromosome. A recombination hot spot between the two loci might account for their independent segregation.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Molecular basis of T lymphocyte CD4 antigen functions.

The T cell surface antigen CD4 plays a pivotal role in the MHC class II-restricted response of specific T lymphocytes and serves as the major receptor of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV). Recent studies have shown the high complexity of CD4 functions in physiological and pathological conditions. We report here a short review of recent developments in the field and discuss the structural features which regulate the functions mediated by the CD4 coreceptor in mature T lymphocytes.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1995

A primary expression map of the chromosome 15q15 region containing the recessive form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD2A) gene.

Previous genetic and physical studies of LGMD2A, an autosomal recessive form of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, have led to the establishment of a 10-12 Mb YAC contig encompassing the morbid locus. In order to progress toward the identification of the gene involved in LGMD2A, a primary transcription map of this genomic region was generated. The direct cDNA selection strategy was used with three YACs covering the candidate region and two different muscle cDNA libraries. Seventeen transcription units were identified among 171 cDNA fragments analysed. Five sequences corresponded to known genes, and twelve to new ones. They were characterized for their sequences, physical positions within the YAC contig, and expression patterns. Among those specifically transcribed in muscle, the calpain gene is a good positional and functional candidate for LGMD2A.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Competition of HLA-DR and a beta 2 domain peptide for HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 binding to CD4.

HLA class II molecules and the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 are ligands of CD4. Reciprocal interaction sites have been well characterized for gp120 and CD4, but require further definition for HLA class II and CD4. A major CD4 binding site encompassing amino acids 134-148 in the beta 2 domain of HLA-DR has been previously identified. Recently, we have shown, by extensive characterization of mutated CD4 molecules expressed in COS cells, that HLA class II antigens interact mainly through the HIV gp120 binding site and possibly through a second minor interaction site mapping on the same face of the molecule. Based on the direct binding in vitro of iodinated affinity-purified HLA-DR1 molecules to polystyrene immobilized human IgG3-CD4, we now report on reciprocal binding inhibition of gp120, HLA-DR1 and the DR beta 2 synthetic peptide to CD4. The results strongly suggest that gp120 and the beta 2 region (amino acids 134-148) of HLA-DR1 bind mainly to the same part of CD4 domain 1 and that the CD4 binding site of HLA-DR requires the existence of a class II homodimer. In that case, alpha 2 chain residues might interact with CD4 residues different from those involved in the binding of gp120 but located close to them in the first domain.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

Regional assignment of 68 new human gene transcripts on chromosome 11.

We have tested 80 expressed sequence-tagged site (eSTS) markers assigned to human chromosome 11 by the Genexpress program on a panel of somatic cell hybrids containing parts of this chromosome, characterized by cytogenetic data, reference markers, and with respect to the Généthon microsatellite genetic map. Sixty-eight new gene transcripts have been assigned to 25 subregions, one of which was newly defined by five of the eSTS markers. The markers are distributed on the short and long arms in agreement with their physical length. The genic map thus obtained has been integrated with the cytogenetic, genetic, and disease maps. Two eSTS markers have been further mapped with respect to a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) contig close to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and thus provide potential candidate genes for the mental retardation phenotype of WAGR (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary abnormalities and mental retardation) syndrome. Altogether, the 68 new gene transcripts localized here represent more than a threefold increase in the number of unknown regionalized genes that could reveal potential candidate genes for the numerous orphan pathologies associated with chromosome 11.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

The Genexpress Index: a resource for gene discovery and the genic map of the human genome.

Detailed analysis of a set of 18,698 sequences derived from both ends of 10,979 human skeletal muscle and brain cDNA clones defined 6676 functional families, characterized by their sequence signatures over 5750 distinct human gene transcripts. About half of these genes have been assigned to specific chromosomes utilizing 2733 eSTS markers, the polymerase chain reaction, and DNA from human-rodent somatic cell hybrids. Sequence and clone clustering and a functional classification together with comprehensive data base searches and annotations made it possible to develop extensive sequence and map cross-indexes, define electronic expression profiles, identify a new set of overlapping genes, and provide numerous new candidate genes for human pathologies.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

[IMAGE: molecular integration of the analysis of the human genome and its expression].

We have developed an integrated approach for the analysis of human cDNA libraries from neuromuscular tissues, based on the acquisition of primary structural, expression and mapping data. 26,938 sequence signatures (over 7 million bases) have been derived from both ends of skeletal muscle and brain cDNA clones. Primary redundancy analysis and classification of database similarities made it possible to characterize by structural data about 8,000 human gene transcripts, the majority of which is catalogued for the first time. Collecting hybridization signatures of complex cDNA probes derived from the tissues of origin to cDNA clones arrayed on high density filters provided a global and quantifiable view of the complexity and level of expression of the different transcripts. The development of 2,792 eSTS markers amplifiable by PCR defined the chromosomal localization of some 2,500 genes corresponding to the transcripts sequenced. The data collected are part of the corpus of the human gene transcript catalog and the genic map of the human genome.

Brain Chemistry↗