Isolette respirator modification for constant negative pressure.
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Humans↗
Biomedical subjects
C B Andreasen
Publications and source records attributed to C B Andreasen.
The effects of ascorbic acid on in vitro heterophil function.
As a feed additive, ascorbic acid has been shown to have a protective effect against bacterial and viral diseases and to reduce the impact of detrimental stress in chickens. This study examined the effect of ascorbic acid treatment on in vitro heterophil function by examining random migration and phagocytosis and bacterial killing of Staphylococcus aureus. Heterophils were evaluated in broiler chickens ranging from 5 to 16 wk of age, and age differences were seen. Significant increases in bacterial killing were found in heterophils treated with ascorbic acid, and this difference tended to be greater in chickens from 5 to 10.5 wk of age. No significant differences were found in phagocytosis or random migration, but ascorbic acid tended to decrease random migration. The most significant effect on in vitro heterophil function was an increase in bacterial killing.
Animals↗
Comparison of heterophil phagocytosis for heterophil-adapted Salmonella enteritidis (HASE) and wild-type Salmonella enteritidis (SE).
Serial passage of Salmonella enteritidis (SE) yields heterophil-adapted SE (HASE) strains that have resulted in decreased shedding of SE in feces and reduced egg contamination. Additionally, increasing the number of heterophil passages further reduced the number and frequency of fecal shedding. To evaluate SE and heterophil interaction, nine SE strains were fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled when viable. There were six wild-types: SE TK 474, SE TK 584, SE TK 599, SE TK 600, SE TK 655, and SE TK 657; and three HASE strains: TK 499 heterophil adapted five times, TK 598 heterophil adapted six times, and TK 605 heterophil adapted 11 times. Trials were repeated seven times in duplicate with heterophils isolated from seven healthy chickens. Heterophils were incubated with the bacterial strains at 41 C for 15 min, and 10,000 heterophils were analyzed by flow cytometry. Percentage of phagocytosis and mean channel number of fluorescence were compared. Both parameters were significantly increased for all HASE-type strains compared with wild-type, nonadapted SE strains. Increased phagocytosis of HASE bacterial strains may be significant in processing and elimination of the HASE strains and may be related to the protective effect of HASE by decreased shedding of wild-type SE challenge strains.
Animals↗
Intestinal adenocarcinoma of the ileocecal junction in a chicken.
An 89-week-old male chicken was presented with signs of depression, emaciation, and weakness. At necropsy, a stricture was found at the ileocecal junction that resulted in blockage and dilation of the ileum proximal to the stricture. Histologically, neoplastic epithelial cells that contained mucin had invaded the intestinal wall and produced a fibrous connective tissue reaction. The lesion was diagnosed as scirrhous intestinal adenocarcinoma.
Adenocarcinoma↗
Evaluation of chicken heterophil adherence.
Adherence of chicken heterophils was evaluated at 37 C using preconstructed columns containing various weights of nylon fiber (75 mg, 100 mg, or 125 mg) and whole blood anticoagulated with sodium heparin or 10% disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Additionally, 50-mg and 75-mg nylon fiber columns incubated at 41 C were used to evaluate heterophil adherence at an increased temperature. The mean percent adherence for heparin-anticoagulated blood applied to 75-mg, 100-mg, and 125-mg nylon fiber columns at 37 C was 76%, 92% and 97.4%, respectively. Samples applied to 50-mg and 75-mg columns at 41 C had adherence values of 27% and 85%, respectively. When paired samples of blood anticoagulated with EDTA or heparin were evaluated, the EDTA samples had significantly decreased heterophil adherence (paired t-test). Results indicate that increased or decreased adherence of chicken heterophils would best be detected using 75-mg nylon fiber columns incubated 37 C and whole blood collected in sodium heparin.
Animals↗
Separation of turkey heterophils from blood using two-step Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients.
A method is presented to separate turkey heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood using two-step Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients and ammonium chloride lysis of contaminating erythrocytes. Heterophils can be isolated from multiple blood samples within 3 to 4 hours. Using this technique, 66.4 +/- 18.4% (mean +/- standard deviation) of blood heterophils were harvested. Final cell isolates averaged 96.0 +/- 2.9% heterophils with few contaminating eosinophils (2.5 +/- 2.3%) or basophils (1.6 +/- 1.8%). Cell viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, was 98.0 +/- 1.4%.
Animals↗
Separation of avian heterophils from blood using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients.
Rapid separation of avian heterophils from anticoagulated whole blood was achieved using Ficoll-Hypaque discontinuous gradients. An average of 14.4% of blood heterophils was harvested with a mean purity exceeding 99%. Heterophil viability, as determined by trypan blue dye exclusion, averaged 99.8%. The integrity of isolated heterophils was evaluated by cytochemical staining and ultrastructural examination. Cytochemical staining reactions of heterophils in whole blood and of isolated cell suspensions were similar. No ultrastructural abnormalities were observed. Using this procedure, viable intact heterophils were rapidly isolated from blood with an acceptable cell yield and purity for cell function studies.
Animals↗
Determination of chicken and turkey plasma and serum protein concentrations by refractometry and the biuret method.
Plasma and serum protein concentrations were determined in chickens and turkeys by refractometry (with human and veterinary refractometers) and by the biuret method. Chicken and turkey serum protein values were significantly lower than respective plasma protein values according to both methods. Refractometer readings for both plasma and serum correlated closely with the results of the biuret test (r2 = 0.72 to 0.97). These findings indicate that plasma and serum protein values may be determined accurately in chickens and turkeys with a handheld refractometer.
Analysis of Variance↗
Chicken heterophil chemotaxis using Staphylococcus-generated chemoattractants.
Heterophil chemotaxis, in response to chemotactic factors generated by three different strains of staphylococcal bacteria, was measured using the modified Boyden-chamber technique. Heterophils were obtained from healthy 6-to-8-week-old broiler chickens. Each bacterial strain generated factors that were chemotactic for chicken heterophils. Factors generated by two pathogenic isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, however, induced significantly greater chemotaxis in chicken heterophils than those generated by a nonpathogenic Staphylococcus isolate.
Animals↗
Heterophil chemotaxis in chickens with natural Staphylococcal infections.
Heterophil chemotaxis using heterophils isolated from the peripheral blood of five commercial broiler chickens naturally infected with staphylococcal bacteria was compared by the modified Boyden-chamber technique with chemotaxis of heterophils from two chickens from the same flock not infected with Staphylococcus (field controls) and from four healthy laboratory control broiler chickens. The infected chickens had gross and histologic lesions of staphylococcal tenosynovitis and osteomyelitis. Staphylococci were isolated from the lesions. Hematologic parameters and histologic lesions of infected chickens also were examined. Compared with field and laboratory controls, Staphylococcus-infected chickens had heterophilic leukocytosis. The heterophils of Staphylococcus-infected chickens had significantly lower chemotactic activity than both control groups in terms of random movement and directed chemotactic movement in response to stimulus. Toxic changes were observed in heterophils of some of the Staphylococcus-infected broilers.
Animals↗
Comparison of the effect of different opsonins on the phagocytosis of fluorescein-labeled staphylococcal bacteria by chicken heterophils.
Heterophil phagocytosis of fluorescein-labeled staphylococcal bacteria was analyzed by flow cytometry. Opsonization with two types of normal pooled sera and staphylococcal antisera significantly increased bacterial phagocytosis compared to samples without an opsonin. The staphylococcal antisera did not significantly increase bacterial phagocytosis compared to the normal pooled sera. Opsonization appears to increase bacterial phagocytosis but specific antisera may not increase phagocytosis beyond that caused by pooled normal sera.
Animals↗