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C B Fliermans

Publications and source records attributed to C B Fliermans.

28 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Ultrastruct of red-sore lesions on largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides): associattion of the ciliate Epistylis sp. and the bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila.

Epizootic outbreaks of red-sore disease in several reservoirs in the southeastern United States have been reported to cause heavy mortality among several species of fish having sport and commercial value. The etiologic agent is said to be the peritrich ciliate Epistylis sp.; secondary infection by the gram-negative bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila produces hemorrhagic septicemia which results in death. However, in recent studies on the largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, Epistylis sp. could be isolated from only 35% of 114 lesions from 114 fish, while A. hydrophila was found in 96% of the same lesions. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of lesions associated with red-sore disease indicate that neither the stalk nor the attachment structure of Epistylis sp. have organelles capable of producing lytic enzymes. Since other investigators have shown that A. hydrophila produces strong lytic toxins, and in absence of evidence to the contrary, it is concluded that Epistylis sp. is a benign ectocommensal and that A. hydrophila is the primary etiologic agent of red-sore disease.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1978

Prevalence and distribution of Aeromonas hydrophila in the United States.

The abundance of Aeromonas hydrophila was measured in 147 natural aquatic habitats in 30 states and Puerto Rico. Viable cell counts were used to estimate density at all sites by using Rimler-Shotts medium, a differential presumptive medium for A. hydrophila. Temperature, pH, conductivity, salinity, and turbidity were measured simultaneously with water sample collection. The density of A. hydrophila was higher in lotic than in lentic systems. Saline systems had higher densities of A. hydrophila than did freshwater systems. A. hydrophila could not be isolated from extremely saline, thermal, or polluted waters, even though it was found over wide ranges of salinity, conductivity, temperature, pH, and turbidity. Of the water quality parameters measured, only conductivity was significantly regressed with density of A. hydrophila.

Aeromonas↗
PubMed1978

Lactose variability of Escherichia coli in thermally stressed reactor effluent waters.

Lactose-utilizing and nalidixic acid-resistant populations of Escherichia coli, having an optimum growth temperature of 37 degrees C, were placed in modified diffusion chambers. The chambers were submerged in the epilimnion and hypolimnion of a 1,100-hectare lake (Par Pond) which receives cooling water from a nuclear production reactor. Control chambers were placed in a deep-water reservoir and a Flowing-Streams Laboratory, both of which had comparable temperatures to Par Pond. The populations of E. coli were sampled regularly for up to 3 weeks. Viability of the bacteria was determined by dilution plating to nutrient agar followed by replicate plating onto selective medium to determine lactose utilization and nalidixic acid sensitivity. Initial populations of E. coli were lactose positive but changed to lactose negative in Par Pond when the reactor was operating (i.e., cooling water from the heat exchangers was being discharged to the lake). This alteration occurred most rapidly in the chambers closest to the cooling-water discharge point. Such changes did not occur in a deep-water reservoir, in Par Pond when the reactor was not operating, or in the Flowing-Streams Laboratory. The nalidixic acid-resistant characteristic remained stable regardless of the chambers' placement or reactor operations. Although the reasons for such alterations are unclear, it appears that lactose-negative populations of E. coli are selected for in these reactor effluent waters. The loss of the lactose characteristic prevents the recognition and identification of E. coli in this cooling lake (when the reactor is operating) and may prevent the assessment of water quality based on coliform recognition.

Drug Resistance, Microbial↗
PubMed1977

Aeromonas distribution and survival in a thermally altered lake.

Par Pond is a thermally enriched monomictic southeastern lake which receives heated effluent from a production nuclear reactor. Fish populations in the lake have lesions of epizooty from which Aeromonas spp. are readily isolated. Distribution and population densities of Aeromonas in the water column were measured along an oxygen and temperature gradient as well as seasonally. Greater population densities of Aeromonas occurred below the oxygen chemocline when the lake was stratified. Survival of Aeromonas hydrophila under in situ conditions in both epilimnetic and hypolimnetic waters was determined through the use of polycarbonate membrane diffusion chambers during two separate reactor operating conditions. Survival levels of pure cultures of A. hydrophila corresponded to the distribution patterns of the naturally occurring Aeromonas-like populations. The greater survival of A. hydrophila during full reactor operation suggests that the fish populations may be exposed to Aeromonas for a longer period of time than when the reactor is not operating.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Autoradiography and immunofluorescence combined for autecological study of single cell activity with Nitrobacter as a model system.

Specific detection of a particular bacterium by immunofluorescence was combined with estimation of its metabolic activity by autoradiography. The nitrifying bacteria Nitrobacter agilis and N. winogradskyi were used as a model system. Nitrobacter were incubated with NaH14CO3 and 14CO2 prior to study. The same preparations made for autoradiograms were stained with fluorescent antibodies specific for the Nitrobacter species. Examination by epifluorescence and transmitted dark-field microscopy revealed Nitrobacter cells with and without associated silver grains. Direct detection and simultaneous evaluation of metabolic activity of Nitrobacter was demonstrated in pure cultures, in a simple mixed culture, and in a natural soil.

Autoradiography↗
PubMed1974

Autecological study of the chemoautotroph Nitrobacter by immunofluorescence.

Fluorescent antibodies (FA) prepared for Nitrobacter agilis and N. winogradskyi were highly reactive in homologous staining. Low-level cross-reactions between the two species were removed by adsorption. All 15 pure-culture isolates of Nitrobacter tested reacted strongly with either N. agilis FA or N. winogradskyi FA. All pure-culture isolates from soils were determined to be N. winogradskyi; those from Mammoth Cave sediments and a cattle waste oxidation ditch were N. agilis. No cross-reaction was found in extensive tests that included five isolates of Nitrosomonas europaea and 668 heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria isolated from soil, sewage, and cave sites. The FA preparations were used to detect Nitrobacter species in Mammoth Cave sediments, in a cattle waste oxidation ditch, and in surface waters and sediments of a river and to observe that N. winogradskyi can outgrow N. agilis in enrichment culture.

Aerobiosis↗
PubMed1972

Technique for measuring 14 CO 2 uptake by soil microorganisms in situ.

Uptake of (14)CO(2) in soils due to algae or sulfur-oxidizing bacteria was examined by incubation of soil samples with gaseous (14)CO(2) and subsequent chemical oxidation of biologically fixed radioactive isotope to (14)CO(2) for detection with a liquid scintillation counting system. The (14)CO(2) was added to the soil in the gas phase so that no alteration of the moisture or ionic strength of the soil occurred. Wet oxidation of radioactive organic matter was carried out in sealed ampoules, and the (14)CO(2) produced was transferred to a phenethylamine-liquid scintillation counting system with a simply constructed apparatus. The technique is inexpensive and efficient and does not require elaborate traps since several possible interfering factors were found to have no harmful effects. Experiments in coal mine regions and in geothermal habitats have demonstrated the ecological applicability of this technique for measurement of CO(2) fixation by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and soil algae.

Bacteria↗
PubMed1972

Ecology of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in hot acid soils.

Hot acid soils in Yellowstone National Park are rich in elemental sulfur and harbor extensive populations of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Thiobacillus thiooxidans is found at temperatures below 55 C, and at temperatures from 55 to 85 C Sulfolobus acidocaldarius is present. The distribution of these bacteria as a function of temperature was measured by a most-probable-number dilution method, and their activity in situ was assessed by use of a new technique permitting measurement of (14)CO(2) fixation. From these data it is concluded that sulfur-oxidizing bacteria are responsible for production of sulfuric acid in these acidic thermal habitats. Physical and chemical parameters of this unusual soil habitat were also measured and are described.

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans↗