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Biomedical subjects

C Bain

Publications and source records attributed to C Bain.

At least 91 records · Page 5Linked to original sources
PubMed1985

Cohort study of internal malignancy in genetic hemochromatosis and other chronic nonalcoholic liver diseases.

The risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other internal malignancies was examined in patients with genetic hemochromatosis (GH) by following 208 patients from the time of diagnosis to June 1983 and by comparing the numbers of cancers they developed with expected values constructed from cancer registry incidence data by means of actuarial methods. In addition, cancers occurring in a comparison group of 148 subjects with other chronic nonalcoholic liver diseases (CLD) were determined. Among the GH group, 16 new cases of HCC occurred subsequent to the diagnosis of GH, together with 8 other malignancies. The 16 cases of HCC reflect a 200-fold excess risk, which from all indications represents the first quantitation of the risk of this tumor in GH. There appears to be no increased risk of other malignancies in this disease. Among the CLD group only 1 HCC and 1 other malignancy occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A case-control study of risk indicators among women with premenopausal and early postmenopausal breast cancer.

Among 714 premenopausal and 130 postmenopausal breast cancer cases matched with 8440 controls for age in years and menopausal status, risk indicators for breast cancer were similar, although most associations were stronger in the premenopausal women. Compared with nulliparous women, the relative risk (RR) for those with first birth before age 25 years was 0.7 (95% confidence limits [CL] from 0.5 to 0.9) among premenopausal women, and 0.7 (0.4-1.4) for postmenopausal women. In the premenopausal cases, a history of breast cancer in a sister gave a RR of 3.0 (2.1-4.1) and in a mother 1.9 (1.4-2.5), whereas for the postmenopausal women the RRs were 1.4 (0.6-3.1) and 1.3 (0.6-2.6), respectively. Fibrocystic breast disease was also a significant predictor of subsequent breast cancer in the premenopausal and postmenopausal women. In relation to women having a single birth, premenopausal women with six or more births had a risk of breast cancer of 0.6 (0.4-1.0), which was present even after adjustment for age at first birth.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1984

A case-control study of oral contraceptive use and breast cancer.

Among 989 cases of breast cancer and 9,890 controls selected from a cohort of married, female registered nurses aged 30-55 years, the relative risk (RR) of breast cancer for women who had ever used oral contraceptives (OC) compared with those who had never used them was 1.0, with 95% confidence limits 0.9-1.2. Among OC users, there was no consistent pattern of excess risk with increasing duration; in fact, the few women who had used OC longest (greater than 10 yr) had a slightly lower risk than never-users. Moreover, there was no association between OC use and breast cancer among women with a positive history of breast cancer in the mother or sister or with OC use before their first pregnancy. The only subgroup of women among whom any adverse effect was apparent was current OC users aged 50-55 years (two onsets expected vs. seven observed). This finding is consistent with earlier reports of an increased risk of breast cancer among older OC users; however, it is also likely to reflect, at least to some extent, the play of chance, since at ages 45-49 and in each younger age group fewer cases than expected were observed among current OC users.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Risk factors for breast cancer.

Since 1976, data were collected to evaluate risk factors for breast cancer in a hospital-based case-control study of 1185 women with breast cancer and 3227 controls. The risk of breast cancer increased with increasing age at first birth; this effect was not accounted for by parity. An early age at first birth appeared to reduce the risk relative to no pregnancy, whereas a late age at first birth was associated with a higher risk than not having a full-term pregnancy. High parity was associated with a reduction in the risk that was independent of that of age at first birth: for parity greater than or equal to 5, compared with parity 1-2, the relative risk estimate was 0.7 (95% confidence interval, 0.5-1.0). Late age at menarche was associated with a lower risk among premenopausal women but not among postmenopausal women. The relative risk decreased with increasing obesity among premenopausal women. Among postmenopausal women, the risk was higher among those who were obese, but there was no evidence of a trend with increasing body mass index. Risk did not vary materially according to history of abortion when gravidity was controlled. Risk was lower among postmenopausal women than among premenopausal women of the same age and increased with increasing age at menopause; bilateral oophorectomy reduced the risk more than hysterectomy alone. A positive history of benign breast disease, a positive family history of breast cancer, Jewish religion, and 12 or more years of education were each independently associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Cigarette smoking, relative weight, and menopause.

To examine the interrelationships of cigarette smoking, relative weight, and the occurrence of natural menopause, the authors prospectively evaluated the experience of 66,663 female US registered nurses who were premenopausal in 1976. Over a two-year period, 5004 women became post-menopausal. Current smokers were more likely than past or never smokers to develop menopause, although the effects of smoking diminished with age. The rate ratios of menopause for current smokers vs. never smokers (with 95% confidence limits) for women aged 30-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-55 years were 1.90 (1.10-3.28), 2.16 (1.73-2.69), 1.53 (1.41-1.67), and 1.20 (1.12-1.28). These rate ratios were not appreciably affected by adjustment for relative weight. Median ages at menopause were 52.4 for never smokers and 51.9, 51.0, 50.7, and 50.4 years for women who currently smoked 1-14, 15-24, 25-34, and 35 or more cigarettes per day. A crude linear relationship between relative weight and occurrence of menopause was observed. Comparing the leanest and heaviest quintiles, rate ratios for menopause among women aged 30-39, 40-44, 45-49, and 50-55 years were 1.42 (0.74-2.75), 1.26 (0.95-1.69), 1.25 (1.13-1.41) and 1.08 (0.99-1.19). The effect of relative weight was in part explained by the tendency of current smokers to weigh less than nonsmokers. After adjustment for current cigarette consumption a weak linear relationship between relative weight and menopause remained among women who smoked, although no such association was seen among nonsmokers.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Oral contraceptive use and malignant melanoma.

There was no overall relationship between a prior history of oral contraceptive (OC) use and the development of melanoma among 141 cases of nonfatal malignant melanoma and 2,820 age-matched controls drawn from respondents to a large postal survey of registered U.S. nurses; crude relative risk (RR) was 0.93 and 95% confidence limits (CL) were between 0.64 and 1.36. Adjustment for a number of additional variables did not alter this estimate materially. Duration of OC use and interval since first use were similarly unrelated to the occurrence of melanoma. For women diagnosed before age 40, there was a crude positive association of "ever" use of OC and melanoma (RR = 1.78; 95% CL, 1.11-2.86). However, adjustment for geography and other variables diminished this association and rendered it statistically not significant (RR = 1.43, 95% CL, 0.83-2.46). These data do not support the hypothesis that OC use is an independent risk factor for melanoma.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Oral contraceptives and risk of ovarian cancer.

Among a large cohort of married, female, registered nurses under 55 years of age, oral contraceptive (OC) use was examined in women with ovarian cancer and 470 age-matched controls. Use of OCs before the diagnosis of cancer was reported by 28% of the women with ovarian cancer and 33% of the controls, yielding a relative risk of 0.8 (95% confidence limits 0.4-1.5). This apparent inverse relationship was attributable to a large effect in women 35 years of age or younger (relative risk = 0.2, 95% confidence limits 0.1-1.0). Patients with ovarian cancer were 2.2 times more likely than controls to be nulliparous. These data provide reassurance that OC use is not likely to be associated with any major increase in risk of ovarian cancer, but suggest that future studies of this relationship need to consider the possible confounding effect of infertility.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Site of care and survival after acute myocardial infarction.

The effect of admission of different types of unit (coronary care, mixed intensive care, medical ward) on survival after documented acute myocardial infarction was examined in nine public hospitals in Queensland. Australia Among 466 subjects, the over-all crude case fatality rate (CFR) was 20.0%. The CFR, after admission to a coronary care unit (CCU), was 18.3%, to an intensive care unit (ICU), 16.1%, and to wards, 25.3%. Adjustment by a multivariate prognostic score gave standardized CFRs of 19.4% (CCU), 16.3% (ICU) and 23.8% (ward). The relative risk of dying (with 95% confidence limits) for CCU/ICU admissions combined, compared with ward admissions, was 0.67 (0.47 to 0.97) (crude), and 0.78 (0.61 to 1.00) (adjusted for prognostic score). The lowered mortality rates among infarct patients who received special care were most marked among those under 60 years of age. These data indicate that subjects who received special care had an increased survival period after myocardial infarction compared with those admitted to medical wards. However, this study provides no support for establishing a CCU in those provincial hospitals which have an adequate number of ICU beds available for the treatment of myocardial infarction.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1981

Vitamin supplement use among registered nurses.

A dietary questionnaire which included items relating to the use of specific vitamin preparations was sent to a randomly selected group of 2000 female, registered nurses aged 30 to 59 yr residing in 10 states. Among the 1742 women (87%) who returned completed questionnaires, the rates of use were 38% for multiple vitamins, 4% for specific preparations of vitamin A, 23% for vitamin C, and 15% for vitamin E. Women who used specific preparations of vitamins A, C, and E generally consumed them in quantities many times greater than the RDA. Use of specific vitamin preparations was found to increase with age and was highest in California.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Cigarette smoking and non-fatal myocardial infarction in women.

The relationship between smoking and the risk of hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction (MI) was evaluated among 121,964 nurses and aged 30-55 years who resided in 11 of the larger US states and who responded to a mail questionnaire. Among 249 women who experienced an MI, 159 (64%) were smokers at the time of hospitalization. Of 4977 controls matched to the cases on the basis of age, 1850 (37%) were smoking at the corresponding time. Smokers experienced a three-fold increase in risk of MI relative to individuals who never smoked, which was not explained by history of hypertension, diabetes, high cholesterol or familial MI. Women who had stopped smoking experienced a risk of MI no greater than women who had never smoked.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Early age at first birth and decreased risk of breast cancer.

The relationship between age at birth of a first child and breast cancer was evaluated for 1159 affected women and 11,590 women without cancer in data collected in 1976 among married female registered nurses residing in 11 states in the United States. A positive trend of increasing risk of breast cancer with later ages at first birth was found (chi 2(1) for trend in proportions = 30.9, p less than 0.01). Adjustment for potential confounding variables by multiple logistic regression did not affect this trend. The presence of this relationship using non-hospitalized controls of similar social status to cases supports the reality of this association, which has recently been challenged as an artifact due to inappropriate choice of hospitalized controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Use of postmenopausal hormones and risk of myocardial infarction.

Information was collected by mail survey about myocardial infarction (MI), use of female hormones after menopause, and coronary risk factors 121,964 registered nurses ages 30-55 years. One hundred twenty-three women with a known type of prior menopause reported hospitalization for MI. Overall, use of female hormones by these women was very similar to that of control women matched for age and type of menopause. Compared with nonusers, the relative risk (RR) for women who had ever taken female hormones was 0.9 (95% confidence limits 0.6-1.2), and for current users the RR was 0.7 (0.5-1.1). For women with bilateral oophorectomy, the RR for current users was 0.4 (0.2-0.8). These data imply that, at present, a decision to prescribe postmenopausal hormones should be based primarily on weighing possible benefits from the relief of menopausal symptoms against unknown or suspected risks of other diseases, particularly uterine cancer in women with an intact uterus.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Family history of breast cancer as a risk indicator for the disease.

Family history of breast cancer was examined among 1159 women who themselves had breast cancer and among 11,590 control subjects in a retrospective case-control study conducted in 1976 among a sample of female nurses in the United States. Having a mother with breast cancer increased a woman's risk of developing the disease by 80%, while having a sister with such a history increased the risk by 150%. Adjustment for potential confounding variables by logistic regression analysis did not alter these estimates appreciably. Both these associations were stronger at younger ages of onset of cancer, and in a positive maternal history was correlated with a larger increase in risk in women who menstruated for more than 35 years.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Characteristics of respondents and non-respondents to a mailed questionnaire.

In establishing a cohort of U.S. nurses, an assessment of response bias was made comparing respondents and non-respondents with regard to age, education, state of residence, employment status, field of employment, and major specialty. Overall, the 122,328 respondents (69.7 per cent) and 43,222 non-respondents were quite similar. Together with the reasonable response rate in a homogeneous population, this suggests that estimation of exposure-disease associations is unlikely to be affected by major bias due to non-response.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Prescription drug advertising: medical journal practices under different types of control.

Medication is one important aspect of health care delivery. The sources of information used to select appropriate medication include drug advertisements which appear in professional journals. There is a need to monitor the quality of these advertisements. The study reported in this paper includes a longitudinal (1961 to 1977) and cross-societal (Britain, United States and Australia) content analysis of drug advertisements. Such a comparison contributes to the debate concerning the type of regulation likely to be effective for this form of advertising.

Advertising↗
PubMed1979

Myocardial infarction in Queensland provincial cities, 1975.

A survey was made of patients admitted to hospitals with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction in seven Queensland provincial cities between January 1, and December 31, 1975. Estimates of the incidence of, and mortality from, myocardial infarction are made, and details of the type of care offered, patient characteristics, and length of stay in hospital and intensive care units are presented.

Arachnid Vectors↗
PubMed1978

Cigarette consumption and deaths from coronary heart-disease.

There is a positive association between cigarette smoking and coronary heart-disease (C.H.D.). In non-fatal myocardial infarction a dose-response relation persists even after the effects of additional variables have been controlled for. The relation between cigarette consumption and deaths from C.H.D. was investigated in a matched-pair case/control study. The overall simple matched-pair risk ratio (R.R.) between current smokers and non-smokers was 1.9 (95% confidence limits 1.5-2.4). For smokers of fewer than 20 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 1.2; at a level of 21-40 cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 2.3; and for smokers of 41+ cigarettes per day, the R.R. was 4.0. A similar relation was found after adjustment for additional variables. These results suggest that the heaviest smokers could halve their risk of death from C.H.D. by reducing their tobacco consumption to an intermediate level; and that benefit of a similar order would be experienced by smokers of 21-40 cigarettes per day who cut down to less than one pack (20 cigarettes) daily.

Adult↗