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Biomedical subjects

C Boake

Publications and source records attributed to C Boake.

31 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Awareness of memory loss after severe closed-head injury.

This study investigated unawareness of memory loss in 48 severe closed-head injury patients. Awareness was measured as the correlation of patients' memory test scores with their self-ratings on the Everyday Memory Questionnaire (EMQ). Patients who endorsed atypical memory failures on the EMQ were classified as invalid responders. Invalid responders had poorer memory test performances and a higher rate of focal left hemispheric lesions, but did not report greater emotional symptoms. Correlations between memory test scores and memory self-ratings were weaker among invalid responders or those classified as depressed, and stronger among valid responders, especially those classified as non-depressed. The results indicate that the validity of memory self-reports is influenced by both neurogenic and psychogenic factors, and suggest that invalid responding is an important problem with self-reports by brain-injured patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Improving functional skills using behavioral procedures in a child with anoxic brain injury.

Using a multiple baseline design, a behavioral treatment program was used to improve the functional abilities of a 12-year-old child with anoxic brain injury. Neuropsychological testing indicated marked amnesia and global cognitive deficits. Functionally, self-care tasks could be performed, but only with verbal cues and moderate physical assistance. Introduction of a monetary reward system significantly reduced the number of verbal cues and the amount of physical assistance necessary to perform two categories of activities of daily living: toileting/undressing and dressing. Results indicated decreases of 80% and 70% in the number of verbal cues and instances of physical assistance required to complete dressing, and reductions of 92% and 75% in the number of verbal cues and the amount of physical assistance necessary to complete toileting/undressing, respectively. Time to task completion was also decreased for both activity categories. A 6-month follow-up revealed that treatment gains had been maintained.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1991

Traumatic brain injury rehabilitation.

Improved survival from severe traumatic brain injury has prompted the development of dedicated rehabilitation programs. Ideally, rehabilitation should begin during acute care in order to prevent later complications. Medically stable patients should be referred from acute care to acute rehabilitation programs for evaluation and then treatment or transfer as appropriate. Dedicated brain injury rehabilitation programs follow a method in which treatment is adapted to the major physical and cognitive impairments at each stage of recovery. Specialized treatment protocols have been developed for unconscious or agitated patients, partly on the basis of advances in neuropharmacology. Because of the long recovery course after severe brain injury, many patients are appropriate for postacute rehabilitation programs directed at community reentry, including return to work. Newer program models for patients with traumatic brain injuries, especially programs using cognitive rehabilitation techniques, are controversial because of inadequate research support and uncertain cost-effectiveness.

Brain Damage, Chronic↗
PubMed1990

Facilitation of memory performance through induced semantic processing in survivors of severe closed-head injury.

This study examined whether survivors of severe closed-head injury (CHI) show a relative benefit in memory for words that are processed semantically versus words that are processed physically or acoustically. Sixteen long-term CHI patients and 14 demographically matched controls were administered a Levels of Processing paradigm involving detection of semantic (categorical), physical (letter), or acoustic (rhyme) features of to-be-remembered words. Semantic processing enhanced recognition memory and cued recall in the CHI patients, but the degree of facilitation was reduced relative to controls. The results indicate that attention to semantic features facilitates memory performance in survivors but may require greater cognitive effort. Implications for the remediation of memory impairments following CHI are discussed.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Conceptual encoding following severe closed head injury.

This investigation examined whether survivors of severe closed head injury encode semantic properties of to-be-remembered words and the relationship of such processing to frontal lobe functioning. Fourteen patients enrolled in rehabilitation and 12 controls were administered the Release from Proactive Inhibition paradigm involving trials of recalling words from the same category followed by a shift to a new category or continued presentation of identical material. Similar to the controls, patients demonstrated a facilitation in recall when the category shifted. An association between the amount of release and frontal lobe functioning (as evaluated by neuropsychological tests and magnetic resonance imaging) was not compelling and depended upon the particular measure of release that was utilized. Pending replication in a larger, more representative sample, we suggest that conceptual encoding is relatively preserved in long-term survivors. The failure to find a robust relationship between frontal lobe pathology and semantic encoding is discussed in light of other investigations suggesting an association.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMed1989

Scottish head injury rehabilitation: an historical account.

During the Second World War two units were established in Scotland for the rehabilitation of head injured patients which were ahead of their time in philosophy and practice. Despite advice to the contrary, these two facilities were not maintained in the ensuing post-war years and while other countries have expanded and improved upon the concepts of care for the traumatically brain injured no specific unit for head injury rehabilitation exists in Scotland today.

Brain Injuries↗
PubMed1983

Demographic correlates and factor structure of the Family Environment Scale.

Since traditional psychological assessment instruments focus mainly on the characteristics of individuals, techniques for systematically measuring social environments may help to increase assessment validity. One of the best developed environmental measures is the Family Environment Scale (FES), a 90-item inventory with 10 subscales that assess interpersonal relationships, personal development goals, and organizational structure. A study was conducted in which FES subscale scores of 204 families were factor analyzed and correlated with family demographic characteristics. The obtained factor structure showed two major factors similar to "control" and "acceptance-rejection" dimensions found in previous research. Number of children in a family was related positively to control and negatively to acceptance. Family socioeconomic status was correlated positively with the degree of participation in cultural and recreational activities. The results are seen as supporting the use of the FES as part of multimethod assessments of family environment and indicating the need for FES norms to be adjusted for relevant demographic characteristics.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Torque, lateral preference, and cognitive ability in primary-grade children.

It has been suggested that torque, the tendency to draw circles in the clockwise direction, is related to left-handedness and is a marker for psychopathology. Results of recent studies conflict with this hypothesis but are weakened by imprecise definition and unreliable assessment of torque. Measures of torque, lateral preference, and cognitive ability were administered to 181 children in kindergarten and first grade. As reported previously, rate of torque decreased with age and was greater among males. Children with complete clockwise or counter-clockwise circling at both assessments differed in pattern but not in overall level of cognitive ability. No differences were found in strength, direction, or concordance of hand and foot preference. Results of this and other studies are seen as inconsistent with proposals that torque is symptomatic of psychopathology.

Art↗
PubMed1982

Clinical utility of the Background Interference Procedure for the Bender-Gestalt test.

Reviewed evidence for the validity of the Background Interference Procedure (BIP) version of the Bender-Gestalt test as a screening test for organic brain dysfunction. Low reliability and shortcomings in BIP validation studies suggest that the diagnostic validity of the BIP is lower than previously reported. A study was conducted in which the BIP was used to determine the presence of absence of brain dysfunction in groups of 45 brain-damaged and 39 nonimpaired male inpatients who were equated for age and education. Both the hit rate (61%) and relative accuracy of the BIP, compared with the EEG and neuroradiological procedures, were lower than in most earlier reports. The results are seen as limiting the usefulness of the BIP as a screening test for brain damage. A potential role for the BIP as a measure of constructional praxis is discussed

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional outcome from traumatic brain injury: unidimensional or multidimensional?

This study compared multidimensional and unidimensional measures of functional outcome from traumatic brain injury in a referred sample of 67 persons with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury who resided in the community or in a nonhospital facility. Four outcome indicators (independence in self-care, independence in travel, paid employment, and friendship) were correlated with the patients' ratings on two unidimensional outcome measures, the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and on a multidimensional outcome measure, the Craig Handicap Assessment and Reporting Technique (CHART). The results showed that the CHART Occupation and Social Integration scales were associated with different outcome indicators, controlling for overall outcome as measured by the DRS and GOS. DRS and GOS ratings were associated more strongly with the self-care and travel indicators than with the employment or friendship indicators. The results support a multidimensional model of functional outcome from brain injury, suggest that the CHART may measure some outcome dimensions more specifically than do the DRS and GOS, and point to limitations of unidimensional outcome scales.

Adult↗