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Biomedical subjects

C Bouchardy

Publications and source records attributed to C Bouchardy.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Larynx cancer risk in relation to glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 genotypes and tobacco smoking.

Glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes are involved in the detoxification of several tobacco smoke-derived carcinogens. It is thus conceivable that deficiency in GST activity due to homozygous deletion of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes (the null genotypes) may modulate susceptibility to smoking-induced cancers. The effects of the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes on laryngeal cancer risk were evaluated using peripheral blood DNA from 129 larynx cancer patients and 172 noncancer controls, all of whom were regular smokers. Increased larynx cancer risk was related to the GSTM1 null genotype [odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.8]. The OR associated with the GSTT1 null genotype was increased, although not significantly (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 0.7-2.9). Individuals with concurrent lack of GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes had a doubled, although not significant, risk for larynx cancer when compared with those having at least one of these genes (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 0.8-5.2) and had almost a 3-fold risk (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 1.0-7.4) when compared with those with both genes. Moreover, a significant interaction between the GSTM1 genotype and levels of tobacco consumption (P < 0.05) was found; the GSTM1 null genotype was associated with an increased risk of larynx cancer among smokers of 20 g/day or less (OR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.3-6.3) but not among heavier smokers (OR = 1.0; 95% CI = 0.5-2.0). In contrast, the GSTT1 null genotype posed an increased, although not significant, risk among long-term smokers (OR = 2.3, 95% CI = 0.9-5.4).

Aged↗
PubMed1998

Identification of new human CYP2C19 alleles (CYP2C19*6 and CYP2C19*2B) in a Caucasian poor metabolizer of mephenytoin.

A genetic polymorphism in the metabolism of the anticonvulsant drug S-mephenytoin has been attributed to defective CYP2C19 alleles. This genetic polymorphism displays large interracial differences with the poor metabolizer (PM) phenotype representing 2-5% of Caucasian and 13-23% of Oriental populations. In the present study, we identified two new mutations in CYP2C19 in a single Swiss Caucasian PM outlier (JOB 1) whose apparent genotype (CYP2C19*1/CYP2C19*2) did not agree with his PM phenotype. These mutations consisted of a single base pair mutation (G395A) in exon 3 resulting in an Arg132-->Gln coding change and a (G276C) mutation in exon 2 resulting in a coding change Glu92-->Asp. However, the G276C mutation and the G395A mutation resided on separate alleles. Genotyping tests of a family study of JOB1 showed that the exon 2 change occurred on the CYP2C19*2 allele, which also contained the known splice mutation in exon 5 (this variant is termed CYP2C19*2B to distinguish it from the original splice variant now termed CYP2C19*2A). The exon 3 mutation resided on a separate allele (termed CYP2C19*6). In all other respects this allele was identical to one of two wild-type alleles, CYP2C19*1B. The incidence of CYP2C19*6 in a European Caucasian population phenotyped for mephenytoin metabolism was 0/344 (99% confidence limits of 0 to 0.9%). Seven of 46 Caucasian CYP2C19*2 alleles were CYP2C19*2B(15%) and 85% were CYP2C19*2A. The Arg132Gln mutation was produced by site-directed mutatgenesis and the recombinant protein expressed in a bacterial cDNA expression system. Recombinant CYP2C19 6 had negligible catalytic activity toward S-mephenytoin compared with CYP2C19 1B, which is consistent with the conclusion that CYP2C19*6 represents a PM allele. Thus, the new CYP2C19*6 allele contributes to the PM phenotype in Caucasians.

Alleles↗
PubMed1996

The effect of tobacco on lung cancer risk depends on CYP2D6 activity.

The genetically determined P450 CYP2D6 activity is suspected to be involved in lung carcinogenesis by activating carcinogens contained in tobacco smoke. Therefore, lung cancer risk should depend on both smoking exposure and CYP2D6 activity. The extent to which CYP2D6 activity, determined by using dextromethorphan, could modify the effect of tobacco was evaluated from a study on 128 lung cancers and 157 controls. A strong interaction was observed; the effect of tobacco on lung cancer risk rose with increasing CYP2D6 activity (P < 0.001). Increasing levels of smoking increased lung cancer risk only among smokers with the highest CYP2D6 activity, and CYP2D6 was a risk factor only among heavy smokers. Smokers with both the highest CYP2D6 activity and daily tobacco consumption were at very high risk for lung cancer. These results may explain discrepant results of previous studies on the association between CYP2D6 activity and lung cancer.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Multiple primary cancers and estimation of the incidence rates and trends.

The use of different registration rules from one registry to another, both generally and also for paired organs, leads to variations in the proportion of multiple primary cancers: in men, from 0.4 to 4.9% for the colon, 0.1 to 2.7% for the lung, and 4.1 to 8.6% for the mouth and pharynx. Subjective factors, often impossible to verify, contribute to these variations. The impact on the estimation of incidence rates and trends is not negligible for cancers of the mouth and the pharynx and for all the cancers taken together. The trend towards an increase of cancers of the mouth and pharynx in the Bas-Rhin disappeared when the incidence was expressed taking only the first cancer (incidence by individual) into consideration, and the differences in incidence between the Calvados and the Bas-Rhin registries for the same site also disappeared. In the absence of harmonisation of the rules and methods followed for registration, incidence by individual is the only approach which makes it possible to compare incidence rates and trends between registries.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed1996

Cancer mortality among north African migrants in France.

BACKGROUND: Data on cancer mortality in North African migrants to France (the largest foreign-born community in the country) are presented, providing useful insights both into cancer patterns in North Africa and their changes following migration. METHODS: The cancer mortality in migrants from North Africa (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Egypt) resident in France relative to that of the local-born population, is estimated from mortality data for the period 1979-1985, and population data from the 1982 French census. Risks of death from different cancers were adjusted for important confounding factors such as social status and area of residence. RESULTS: The risks are quite similar for Algerian, Tunisian and Moroccan migrants. Compared to the local-born, those Maghrebian migrants of one or both sexes have higher risks of death from cancer of the nasopharynx, gallbladder and bladder (in Algerians only). Conversely, Maghrebian migrants have lower risks of death from cancer of the oral cavity, other pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, colon, rectum, lung, larynx, melanoma (in Algerians only), kidney and nervous system (except in Tunisians), breast, ovary, and cervix uteri (except in Moroccans). For Egyptian migrants, because of small numbers, few of the estimates are statistically significant. They are at lower risk of death from lung cancer and at higher risk for lymphoma and leukaemia. CONCLUSION: The findings provide confirmatory evidence of the unusual cancer patterns among North African populations, who have low risks for most cancer sites, and high risks for certain cancers, such as of the nasopharynx and bladder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Effects of CYP2D6 activity and tobacco on larynx cancer risk.

The genetically determined capacity of the cytochrome P450 CYP2D6 is suspected to be involved in the activation of tobacco carcinogens. From a multicentric case-control study carried out to analyze the interaction between host and environmental factors on tobacco-related cancers, we reported recently that the effect of tobacco on lung cancer risk rose with increasing CYP2D6 activity, and the effect of CYP2D6 activity rose with increasing tobacco consumption. The aim of the present report was to investigate whether results on lung cancer could be observed for larynx cancer, from a study on 140 cases and 157 controls. A weak interaction between increasing levels of both CYP2D6 activity and average daily consumption of tobacco was found (P = 0.12). The only significant interaction between these two factors was observed when CYP2D6 activity was considered with the two conventional phenotypes (P < 0.05). A dose-response effect of tobacco on larynx cancer risk was found only among one-third of the smokers with the highest level of CYP2D6 activity, and CYP2D6 was a risk factor only among heavy smokers. The highest risk for larynx cancer was then observed among smokers having both the highest levels of CYP2D6 activity and daily consumption of tobacco. The interaction between CYP2D6 activity and tobacco was weaker for larynx cancer than that reported previously for lung cancer. However, the similarities in the results found for these two cancers, i.e., a greater effect of tobacco among smokers with the highest CYP2D6 activity, reinforce the hypothesis that this activity could modify the effect of tobacco on cancer risk.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Screening for breast cancer in pre-menopausal women. Who should decide?

The recent UICC meeting on breast cancer screening in pre-menopausal women showed that experts disagree: some would recommend that screening begin at age 40, others would postpone it until after age 50 (Eckhardt et al., 1994). There is full consensus that screening at ages 40 to 49 may detect a substantial fraction of breast-cancer cases before their clinical manifestation, but the trials carried out have not indicated a significant reduction in subsequent mortality. As stated in the report of the UICC meeting, "this issue is too large for it to remain only the concern of experts." In our opinion, women should be provided with full information to enable them to decide themselves what is better for them. This means that the available scientific evidence both on benefits and on risks should be made quantitatively explicit. As recently reviewed by Hurley and Kaldor (1992), potential benefits include saved lives, increased use of conservative therapies, and reassurance of women without pre-clinical cancer; risks include radiation-induced breast cancer, unnecessary investigations for false positives, useless early diagnosis and treatment, diagnosis and treatment of lesions not requiring treatment (over-diagnosis), false reassurance, and psychological and social morbidity such as anxiety and the stigmatization of women with positive diagnosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Cancer mortality among sub-Saharan African migrants in France.

Not only are there few data on sub-Saharan migrant populations, but relatively little information is available on cancer patterns in Africa. This report presents cancer mortality patterns among the 290,000 sub-Saharan African migrants in France. Risks of mortality from different cancers in migrants born in West, Central, East, and 'Other' parts of Africa have been compared with that observed in the local-born population, using mortality data from the period 1979-85 and population data from the 1982 French census. Relative risks were adjusted for important confounding factors such as social class and area of residence. Compared with natives, overall mortality from cancer is lower in sub-Saharan African migrants. Higher cancer mortality risks, however, are observed among males for several sites: liver in Central and West Africans; bladder in West Africans; and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Other African migrants. For females, risks were elevated for nasopharyngeal cancers in Other African and liver in West African migrants. The results are, for the most part, consistent with the few available data on cancer patterns in Africa, and with the patterns observed in African migrants to England and Wales (UK).

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Cancer mortality among Swiss migrants in France].

Using French mortality data for the period 1979 to 1985, risks of death for cancer in Swiss migrants were calculated relative to these in the locally born. In the absence of valid population data for Swiss migrants, risks were estimated using a case-control approach, considering as cases cancer deaths at one specific site, and as controls all other deaths. In order to evaluate the change in risks after migration, death risks in Switzerland, compared to French natives, were calculated using a Poisson regression. For most of the cancer deaths, the risk in Swiss migrants is intermediate between that of their country of origin and that of the host country. Compared with French-born, Swiss migrants maintain however a significantly higher risk for lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer and melanoma in males, for breast cancer in females, and for non-Hodgkin lymphomas in both sexes. In contrast, the risk is significantly lower for liver cancer in male Swiss migrants. The observed differences are interpreted in the light of the available consumption data in both countries.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

[Life style and health behavior of southern European and North African immigrants in France].

Using data from a French national survey, preventive and dietary habits, alcohol and smoking consumption of three groups of migrants (Italy, Spain and Portugal, Maghreb) were compared to those of French nationals. Odds ratios were estimated using a logistic regression, after adjustment by age, socio-professional group and place of residence. Differences in attitude were observed, in particular: lower primary and secondary practice of prevention; lower consumption of meat and dairy products and higher consumption of starchy food and dried vegetables; lower consumption of alcohol and higher tobacco intake among Maghrebian migrants. The observed differences were interpreted in the light of other available data in France. They confirm notably imported dietary habits and a weaker perception of preventive messages, as shown in other studies.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Cancer mortality among Chinese and South-East Asian migrants in France.

The cancer risk in migrants from China and South-east Asia (Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia) resident in France has been compared to that observed in the local-born population, using mortality data from the period 1979-1985 and population data from the 1982 French census. Risks were adjusted for important confounding factors such as social standing and area of residence. Compared to local-born, South-east Asian migrants of one sex or both sexes combined have higher risks of cancer of the nasopharynx, stomach, liver, gallbladder, lung (in females only), and cervix. On the other hand, South-east Asian migrants have lower risks of cancer of the oral cavity, other pharynx, colon, rectum, larynx, lung (among males only), bladder, nervous system, breast and prostate. Within this group, the risks are quite similar for Vietnamese, Laotians and Cambodians. Results for Chinese-born migrants are quite similar, for most sites, to those found among South-east Asian migrants, although, because of smaller numbers, few of the estimates are statistically significant. These results are consistent with other studies on Chinese migrants around the world, and with the 3 other previous studies on Vietnamese migrants, in England and Wales, Los Angeles and Australia.

Asia, Southeastern↗
PubMed1993

Cancer risks among European migrants in São Paulo, Brazil.

Using both mortality and incidence data, cancer risk in Italian, Spanish and Portuguese migrants to São Paulo were compared with those in the Brazil-born population, and with those in their countries of origin. Italian and Spanish migrants show changes in cancer risks which are rather similar to those observed in migrants of the same origin in other parts of South America: they increase their rates of oropharyngeal, oesophageal, cervical and breast cancers and they decrease their rates of lung cancers. However, for cancer of the oesophagus, the changes are greater in São Paulo, where migrants acquire rates similar to those of the natives. For colon cancer, rates in Italian migrants decrease in the low risk area of São Paulo and increase in the high risk area of Argentina. Changes in Portuguese migrants are less evident: their rates of colorectal cancer remain high, and, as found for Japanese migrants in São Paulo, they also retain their higher risks of stomach cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Education and mortality from cancer in São Paulo, Brazil.

This study investigated social class differentials in cancer mortality in São Paulo county, Brazil, for the period 1978 to 1982. A measure of socioeconomic status based on education was used, and cancer risk by level of education was estimated by a case-control approach in which other cancers were considered as controls. For most cancers, the socioeconomic differences in risk were similar to those found in western Europe and North America. For lung cancer, however, the highest risk was observed in men and women with the most education. Other cancers related to tobacco--cancer of the larynx, pharynx, and esophagus--showed a negative association with education. The differences between social classes in consumption habits of alcohol and maté and the use of black tobacco are probably responsible for these contrasting patterns. For breast and cervix uteri cancer the social class patterns were similar to those found in developed countries--a positive relationship for breast and a negative one for cervix uteri cancer. The magnitude of the differences observed between social classes for these cancers was frequently greater in South America than in the United States or western Europe.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Cancer mortality in immigrants from the Near East in Australia].

A differential mortality study shows that in Australia, between 1969 and 1983, Near Eastern migrants had a lower cancer mortality than the local-born, and that their cancer profile resembled that of the other mediterranean migrants in Australia. Compared to local-born, Near Eastern migrants were characterized by: (1) a lower mortality from oesophagus and colon cancers, and from melanoma, in both sexes, from prostate cancer in men borne in males, from ovary and bladder cancers in females; (2) a higher mortality from liver and thyroïd cancers in males, and from stomach and gallbladder cancers in females. The analysis by country of birth indicates a higher mortality from lung and bladder cancers in men born in Turkey, a lower mortality from lung cancer in men born in Syria or Lebanon, and a lower mortality from breast cancer in women born in Syria or Lebanon. These differences are interpreted in the light of the available information on dietary habits and reproductive behaviour of Near Eastern migrants in Australia.

Adolescent↗