In recent years, the arrival in Italy of people who suffered torture in their countries led a group of volunteer doctors to set up a humanitarian association, "Doctors Against Torture", to provide care and treatment for torture survivors present in Rome. The paper describes the characteristics of 354 persons having at least one access from 1-1-1999 to 31-12-2001. About 51% of the victims came from the Middle East, 43% from Africa. Mean age was 29.6 (SD 7.0). The victims have suffered beatings and other forms of blunt trauma (64%), suspension and other positional torture (14%), psychological violence (28%), inhuman conditions of detention (10%), burns/electric shock (21%), wet asphyxiation and water jets (11%), sexual violence (15%), amputation/penetrating injuries (22%), dental torture and traumatic removal of nails (6%) and 58% suffered more than one type of torture. The types of violence observed require a thorough analysis of our knowledge in the field, in order to help victims on their way to rehabilitation, which is long and uncertain; at the same time, it is fundamental that public health begins to make itself responsible for these persons.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Sensitivity of the bronchial tree, tested by acetylcholine inhalation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis].

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Acetylcholine↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medico-legal aspects of the 89/931 act of the EEC].

The act 391/89 which introduces some substantial news regarding the protection of public welfare and the safety of workers, will be taken in account in a next future. The A.A. examine these innovations and underline the way they will reassert the importance of a concrete application of the principles of primary prevention. Moreover, this act will have a large impact on forensic medicine as it will allow the acquisition of objective elements to asses the casual nexus between occupational exposure and injury, while evaluating the occupational etiology of the damage.

European Union↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Insurance coverage in repetitive strain injury of the upper limbs as provided by the National Insurance Institute for Occupational Diseases].

A brief outline is given of the current status of the insurance "coverage" provided by INAIL for WMSDs. In breach of a specific European Union recommendation, in Italy various WMSDs can be recognised as occupational only based upon sentence No 179/88 of the Constitutional Court, since such disorders are not included in the list attached to DPR law 336/94. At present, during the period 1990-95, INAIL awarded indemnities in only a handful of cases. Details are provided concerning the evidence that must be submitted in the specific case of claims pertaining to suspected occupational diseases. The authors discuss the problems associated with quantifying injuries for the purposes of claiming indemnities for work-related musculo-skeletal disorders.

Causality↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[D.lgsl. 625/1994--Protection against carcinogenic agents: the obligation to educate].

According to act 626/1994, employers have the duty to inform and train workers and their representatives. The implementation of training activities requires the following points: planning the training program according to the needs of the target population, use of the methods aimed at promoting learning and the adoption of safe behaviour, setting-up of evaluation tools. The disciplines of risk perception and communication and adult training may provide useful contribution in this frame. At the light of the preliminary experiences in this field, the importance of the following items for workers, workers representatives and employers is emphasized: probabilistic causality models, role of cognitive and emotional factors in the learning process, definition of carcinogenic according to national and international organisation, meaning of TLV with respect to carcinogenic exposure, interaction between carcinogens in the case of multiple exposition, risk evaluation, preventive measures, transfer of carcinogen risk from workplace to domestic environment, due to lack of compliance with basic hygienic rules such proper use of work clothes.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Safety assurance for occupational tumors in agriculture].

Cancer risk in farming is characterized by:-multiple exposure varying in time, space and between crops;-poor knowledge of agrochemical used by workers;-interset of both sellers and users mainly or acute toxicity of pesticides;-availibility of sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans only for arsenical insecticides and for benzene used as solvent. The frequency of both claims for compensation and recognized cased is extremely low. Referral to exper agronomists operations in the area of interest can turn out to be of great value in assessing exposures. In case of exposure to carcinogenic agents defined as possible or probable, the following criteria may be adopted:-duration of exposure and latency time in agreement with findings from scientific literature;-biological plausibility of the association of interest;-evaluation of the interaction in the frame of multiple exposure, with special reference to the role of brief and/or low exposures. The above mentioned items are discussed by examining practical cases.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗