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Biomedical subjects

C C Hopkins

Publications and source records attributed to C C Hopkins.

33 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1977

Cephalothin prophylaxis in cardiac valve surgery. A prospective, double-blind comparison of two-day and six-day regimens.

A prospective, double-blind study comparing a 6 day with a 2 day regimen of cephalothin prophylaxis was conducted among 200 patients undergoing prosthetic valve replacement. No cases of endocarditis occurred during the 2 month follow-up. Sternal wound infection developed in 2.8 per cent of the 6 day group and 2.1 per cent of the 2 day group. Pneumonia developed in 8.5 per cent of the 6 day and 5.3 per cent of the 2 day group; most of the bacteria isolated were susceptible to cephalothin. Urinary tract infection developed more frequently in the 2 day group (17.0 versus 8.5 per cent), particularly during the first 6 postoperative days. Three of 11 patients with no detectable cephalothin in their sera at the close of operation developed staphylococcal wound infections, compared with 2 of 175 patients whose sera contained cephalothin at the close of surgery (p = 0.002, Fisher's exact test). A short course of prophylactic antibiotics is prudent, but there is no justification for prolonging their administration.

Cephalothin↗
PubMed1975

Salmonella typhimurium resistant to silver nitrate, chloramphenicol, and ampicillin.

A strain of Salmonella typhimurium appeared sequentially in three patients in a burn unit, and epidemiological study suggested the occurrence of person-to-person spread. This organism was responsible for both colonisation and invasive infection in these patients whose burn surfaces were receiving topical treatment with 0.5% silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. The antibiotic and metal ionsusceptibility pattern of this strain of S. typhimurium was unique and disturbing: resistant to silver nitrate, mercuric chloride, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, streptomycin, and sulphonamides. This pattern of multiple resistances could be transferred by invitro mating experiments to sensitive recipient strains of Escherichia coli and S. typhimurium. Further transfer of these resistances could be consumated between different strains of E. coli. A survey of other salmonella strains isolated from patients in this hospital without thermal burns did not reveal this pattern of resistance. Also, strains of S. typhimurium, isolated elsewhere and showing simultaneous resistance to both ampicillin and chloramphenicol, were not resistant to AgNO3 in vitro. The very real danger of this strain of S. typhimurium in burn units stems from its resistance to the two most effective antibiotics (ampicillin and chloramphenicol) available for systemic therapy; and this threat may be compounded through the selection effected by the widespread topical use of AgNO3 solutions and sulphonamide preparations on burned surfaces.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis in Dallas, Texas, 1966.

An epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis (SLE) occurred in Dallas, Texas, in the summer of 1966. A total of 545 suspected cases within Dallas city and county were reported, of which 145 were laboratory-confirmed as SLE virus infection. The greatest concentration of cases occurred in lower socioeconomic areas of the central part of the city in black populations. The attack rate and mortality rate increased markedly with age. The overall attack rate was 15.2 per 100,000, with a case fatality rate of 9.7%. During the course of the epidemic, most of the county was sprayed aerially with an ultra-low volume (ULV), high-concentration malathion mist. The effects of this treatment cannot be adequately assessed from the human epidemiologic aspect alone, but the spraying clearly reduced the number and infection rate of the vector mosquitoes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis in Corpus Christi, Texas, 1966.

In the summer of 1966, an epidemic of St. Louis encephalitis occurred in Corpus Christi, Texas, coincident with one occurring in Dallas about 563 km to the north. Among the 76 cases confirmed in Corpus Christi, there were two deaths; the attack rate was 41.0 per 100,000. In contrast with a concurrent outbreak in Dallas and the 1964 outbreak in Houston, attack rates were much higher in populations of the upper socioeconomic districts. This distribution may have resulted from the combined effects of an unusual concentration of vector mosquito breeding sites in storm sewers in the upper socioeconomic districts and a higher degree of residual immunity in the residents of the lower socioeconomic areas.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibiotic prophylaxis in clean surgery: peripheral vascular surgery, noncardiovascular thoracic surgery, herniorrhaphy, and mastectomy.

Studies published in the English-language literature on the use of prophylactic systemic antibiotics in vascular surgery, noncardiovascular thoracic surgery, mastectomy, and herniorrhaphy were reviewed. The effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in preventing deep and superficial wound infections in peripheral vascular surgery appears to be well documented, especially if prophylaxis is directed against Staphylococcus aureus. In clean thoracic surgery the evidence is equivocal, and no studies have sufficient statistical power to eliminate the possibility even of a 50% reduction in incidence. In herniorrhaphy and mastectomy some evidence from a much more powerful study suggests that antibiotic prophylaxis may result in a decrease of up to 50% in wound infections, but whether these data can be generalized uncritically to all clean wounds is still a matter of debate. Accordingly, only guarded recommendations can be made regarding the use of prophylactic antibiotics in procedures associated with a very low risk of serious infection.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗