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Biomedical subjects

C Cooper

Publications and source records attributed to C Cooper.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

Radiographic assessment of the knee joint in osteoarthritis.

The development of radiographic systems for the grading of osteoarthritis requires knowledge of the reproducibility of their individual component features. This paper reports the reproducibility, both within and between observers, for five commonly used radiographic features of osteoarthritis in the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral compartments of the knee joint. The results suggest that assessments of joint space narrowing, osteophyte, and bony contour in the tibiofemoral compartments are more reproducible than those of sclerosis and cyst. Patellofemoral assessments, with the exception of osteophyte, are considerably less reproducible between observers than tibiofemoral assessments.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Radiographic patterns of osteoarthritis of the knee joint in the community: the importance of the patellofemoral joint.

The intimate relation which the patella has with the knee joint and quadriceps muscle suggests that patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis is likely to be an important cause of knee pain and disability. Two hundred and seventy three subjects who reported knee pain in a postal questionnaire survey and 240 control subjects consented to have anteroposterior weightbearing and lateral knee radiographs. Each subject completed a Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ). Radiographic knee osteoarthritis was found in 53% of symptomatic and 17% of asymptomatic subjects. Three patterns predominated patellofemoral, medial, and medial/patellofemoral joint disease in 11, 21, and 7% of the men and in 24, 12, 6% of the women respectively. The occurrence of isolated symptomatic patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis in this sample aged more than 55 years was estimated as 8% in women and 2% in men. All patterns of symptomatic knee joint osteoarthritis increased with age in women but peaked at 70 years in men. Medial joint and patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis were significantly associated with disability (46 v 17% in controls and 64 v 25% in controls respectively) but higher HAQ scores were more common in subjects with patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis. Patellofemoral joint osteoarthritis is common, associated with disability, occurs in the absence of tibiofemoral disease, and can no longer be omitted from future studies of osteoarthritis of the knee joint.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Physical activity at 36 years: patterns and childhood predictors in a longitudinal study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to describe the sex and socioeconomic differences in patterns of physical activity at work and in leisure time of men and women aged 36 years, and to investigate factors in childhood and adolescence which predict high rates of participation in sports and recreational activities in later life. DESIGN: Data collected in childhood, adolescence, and at 36 years on members of a national prospective birth cohort study were used. SETTING: The population sample was resident in England, Scotland, and Wales. SUBJECTS: A stratified sample of about 3500 men and women was studied regularly from birth until 43 years. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: More men than women reported high rates of sports and recreational activities, gardening, and do-it-yourself. In contrast women reported higher rates of bicycling and walking. Higher levels of education were associated with frequent participation in sports. Individuals often engaged in one type of activity without necessarily engaging in other types. Those who were most active in sport had been above average at sports in school, more outgoing socially in adolescence, had fewer health problems in childhood, were better educated, and had more mothers with a secondary education than those who were less active. CONCLUSIONS: Studies that examine the relationship between physical activity and chronic disease should consider a broad range of pursuits rather than extrapolating from only one area of physical activity, and in their explanations should take account of the possible role of childhood characteristics. The findings suggest the importance of developing skills and habits in childhood as well as of encouraging healthier exercise habits in adults who may have had few opportunities or low motivation previously.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Lateral arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm: anatomic variations at abdominal CT.

The authors have occasionally observed nodular areas abutting the lateral diaphragmatic surface and extending into the posterior pararenal space on computed tomographic (CT) scans. Review of the anatomy literature revealed that this finding represents inferolateral extension of the lateral arcuate ligaments, which reflect over the quadratus lumborum muscles to fuse with the diaphragm. CT scans from 100 consecutive patients were reviewed to determine the frequency, relationship to habitus, and appearance of this finding. Nodularity was found in five patients (bilateral in three, unilateral in two). The average size was 9.4 mm in the transverse plane, 6.3 mm in the anteroposterior plane, and 4.3 cm in the cephalocaudal plane. The extent of retroperitoneal fat was normal in all five patients. In one patient, there were easily visible lobulations; three patients had prominent lobulations, and one patient had few lobulations. It is important to recognize this anatomic variant to avoid confusion with disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Pregenital fixation and perceptual distortions to conflict-laden material.

Three standard questionnaire measures of oral and anal fixation were administered to 142 students. On the basis of their scores 26 students were selected and shown tachistoscopic exposures of pictures designed to activate oral or anal conflicts. Five subjects in each group had extremely high scores on the corresponding measure of fixation, five had extremely low scores, and 16 had intermediate scores. It was hypothesised that individuals who were fixated at one or other of the psychosexual stages would show stereotyped perceptual distortions to repeated dim exposures of the corresponding picture. Highly fixated subjects showed significantly more deviant responses than did subjects who showed low levels of fixation at the same stage. A form of Q-factor analysis indicated that subjects who were fixated at the oral sadistic or anal stages showed different patterns of perceptual distortions to the anal picture than those who were not fixated. These results were interpreted as supporting the link between defenses against anal eroticism and the anal character.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Osteoarthritis of the hip and occupational activity.

This case-referent study investigated the relation between hip osteoarthritis and occupational activity. The subjects were 60- to 75-year-old men who had undergone intravenous urography. Interviews were obtained for 245 cases who had a hip replacement for osteoarthritis or a joint space of less than or equal to 2.5 mm and 294 referents whose joint space was greater than or equal to 3.5 mm in both hips. No clear associations were found in an analysis of all the cases, but severe disease (hip replacement for osteoarthritis or a joint space of less than or equal to 1.5 mm) was more common in the farmers, especially in those with greater than or equal to 10 years in agricultural work [odds ratio (OR) 2.0, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.9-4.4]. Severe disease was also associated with prolonged standing at work (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.0-7.3) and heavy lifting (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.7). These associations could not be explained by obesity or sporting activity. The findings suggest an increased risk of degenerative hip disease for farmers and indicate that mechanical overloading may contribute to its pathogenesis.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

The multi-injured patient: the Maryland shock trauma protocol approach.

Thoracic trauma will continue to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in our population. Improvement in ambulance transport systems and prehospital care has improved the salvage rate. It is hoped that earlier recognition, better understanding of the pathophysiology, and improvement in management will further reduce the number of deaths due to thoracic injuries.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Screening for vertebral osteoporosis using individual risk factors. The Multicentre Vertebral Fracture Study Group.

Osteoporosis is a major cause of ill health in postmenopausal women. Several risk factors for osteoporosis have been identified, and they have been widely recommended as a means of identifying subgroups of postmenopausal women who might benefit from prophylaxis and therapy. Evidence to support this use of risk factors is currently lacking, however. We have constructed and evaluated a profile of putative risk factors as a means of identifying women attending general practitioners who have sustained vertebral fractures. The overall prevalence of vertebral fractures in the 1012 women (mean age 64.4 years) studied was 7.8%. Women who had sustained vertebral fractures in this population were significantly (p less than 0.05) older and shorter than those without fractures. They reported a significantly (p less than 0.05) earlier menopause, lower parity and a greater prevalence of hyperthyroidism. However, the best screening instrument devised was not sufficiently predictive to warrant widespread use.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Appendicular skeletal status and hip fracture in the elderly: 14-year prospective data.

Fourteen-year follow-up of 535 elderly people included in a British survey in 1973 revealed 23 incident hip fractures. The relationship between appendicular bone mass, assessed in the initial survey by metacarpal morphometry, and fracture risk was analyzed. There was an increased risk of hip fracture with declining metacarpal cortical index at baseline. The risk increase, however, was not statistically significant. It remained similar after adjustment was made for the reported prevalence of falls. These prospective data suggest that osteoporosis may contribute less to the risk of hip fracture in the very elderly than in younger individuals.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

Fractures of the hip and distal forearm in West Africa and the United Kingdom.

Comparison of age- and sex-specific incidence rates of fractures of the proximal femur and the distal forearm showed significantly lower rates in Ibadan than in two urban centres in England, with risk ratio of up to 20. In the Ibadan data no evidence of higher rates in women or of a prominent age-associated increase in rates was observed.

Aged↗
PubMed1991

Use of chemotaxonomy as an aid to differentiate among Capnocytophaga species, CDC group DF-3, and aerotolerant strains of Leptotrichia buccalis.

Four strains of fastidious gram-negative rods, thought to be Capnocytophaga species (formerly CDC group DF-1 or Bacteroides ochraceus) or CDC group DF-3 on the basis of conventional phenotypic criteria, were also analyzed for cellular fatty acid (CFA) composition. It was found that the CFA compositions of these strains were qualitatively incorrect for those taxa. Subsequently, it was determined that all four bacteria were in fact aerotolerant strains of Leptotrichia buccalis, based on biochemical reactions, CFA composition, and lactic acid as the major end product of glucose fermentation. It is recommended that, in addition to conventional cultural and biochemical criteria, all strains of Capnocytophaga or CDC group DF-3 should also be tested for metabolic end products of fermentation and CFA composition as essential adjuncts for identification.

Bacteroidaceae↗
PubMed1991

Osteoarthritis of the hip and acetabular dysplasia.

The relation between acetabular dysplasia and osteoarthritis of the hip was examined in a series of 1516 pelvic radiographs taken for non-skeletal indications. Osteoarthritis was assessed by measuring joint space, and dysplasia by the centre-edge angle and acetabular depth. In contrast with previous studies of patients with symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hip, no evidence that dysplasia predisposes to osteoarthritis was found. Possible reasons for the discrepancy are discussed. It was concluded that although acetabular dysplasia may lead to osteoarthritis of the hip in some subjects, it is unlikely to be an important cause of the disease in men.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed1991

Osteoarthritis of the hip and osteoporosis of the proximal femur.

A negative association has been reported between osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. There are, however, few population based data to support this association. In this study the bone density in the upper femur was compared with the presence and severity of hip osteoarthritis in 314 subjects undergoing radiography for non-skeletal indications. There was a statistically significant negative association between the two disorders. This relation may reflect differences in the cause of these two major musculoskeletal conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

An investigation of ring and dicentric chromosomes found in three Turner's syndrome patients using DNA analysis and in situ hybridisation with X and Y chromosome specific probes.

We have studied three patients with features of Turner's syndrome, two with a 45,X/46,X,r(?) and the third with a 45,X/46,X,dic?(Y) karyotype. Because Turner's syndrome patients with a mosaic karyotype containing a Y chromosome are known to have a high risk of developing gonadal tumours, we used DNA analysis and in situ hybridisation with X and Y specific probes to identify the chromosomal origin of the rings and dicentric chromosomes in the three index patients. Both ring chromosomes were shown to be of X origin, while the dicentric was composed of Y chromosome material. We discuss the importance of using a combination of molecular and cytogenetic analyses in such cases.

Adolescent↗