The American Diabetes Association Risk Test for diabetes.
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Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to C D Herter.
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Intensive insulin therapy is a complete program of diabetes management. A multicomponent insulin regimen is just one element of this approach. Intensive insulin therapy does not necessarily strive for euglycemia, since patients require individualized glycemic goals. When prescribing insulin, the family physician should be familiar with several important pharmacokinetic issues. Insulin species, insulin absorption, injection site and timing of premeal insulin all affect glycemia. The relationship between diabetic complications and blood glucose control is also important. Although many previous studies have been flawed, evidence suggests that meticulous diabetes control decreases the risk of microvascular complications and neuropathy. Unfortunately, studies have shown no improvement in advanced retinopathy or advanced nephropathy with improved glycemic control. The major cost of improved glycemic control is an increased risk of hypoglycemia.
In patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, insulin is an absolute requirement for life. Once-daily insulin administration is not sufficient to maintain physiologic insulin delivery. Twice-daily delivery of a combination of intermediate-acting and regular insulin may be effective but may limit lifestyle flexibility. Other popular regimens include three daily injections (with a bedtime dose of intermediate-acting insulin) and use of a combination of ultralente and regular insulin. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is another option for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. In patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes who require insulin, control can often be achieved with a single daily injection. Recently, the use of bedtime NPH or ultralente insulin has been emphasized for control of moderate hyperglycemia in these patients. For patients with severe hyperglycemia, insulin administration is similar to that for patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. The use of combination therapy with insulin and sulfonylurea for noninsulin-dependent diabetes is controversial.
The Gordius worm is a parasite of crickets and other arthropods, but not of humans. In almost all cases, the association between humans and the Gordius species, such as Gordius robustus, is purely coincidental. Gordius pseudoparasitism must be distinguished from true helminthic disease to alleviate patient anxiety and to avoid an unnecessary course of antihelminthics.