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Biomedical subjects

C E Greene

Publications and source records attributed to C E Greene.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2004

Biologic, morphologic, and molecular characterisation of Neospora caninum isolates from littermate dogs.

Isolation and biologic and molecular attributes of Neospora caninum from three littermate dogs are described. Tissue cysts were confined to the brain and striated muscles. N. caninum was isolated (isolates NC-6, NC-7, and NC-8) in rodents and cell culture that had been inoculated with brain tissue from the dogs. Schizont-like stages reactive with N. caninum antibodies were seen in cell cultures seeded with bradyzoites released from Percoll-isolated N. caninum tissue cysts from the brain of one dog. Tissue cysts were infective orally to mice and gerbils, but not to cats and dogs. The isolates were also identified as N. caninum by PCR and sequence analysis.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Canine vaccination.

New technologies for vaccine development and infectious disease diagnosis are likely to be introduced in the near future. With this new technology comes the opportunity to vaccinate companion animals against even more infectious agents than is currently practiced in the United States. As we look forward, it becomes particularly important to review current vaccination standards applied to dogs with respect to current knowledge of duration of immunity, awareness of incidence, and likelihood of injurious or even fatal adverse events associated with vaccination, and individual risk factors that dictate which vaccines are most appropriate at which stage of life.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Administration of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate for treatment of cytauxzoonosis in cats.

Bobcats (Lynx rufus) are the reservoir hosts for Cytauxzoon felis, the causative agent of cytauxzoonosis. Cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal tickborne blood protozoal disease of domestic and exotic cats. Treatment of clinically affected cats has generally been unrewarding. In our report, 6 of 7 cats had signs of illness and laboratory findings indicative of cytauxzoonosis and were successfully treated with 2 i.m. injections of diminazene aceturate or imidocarb dipropionate (2 mg/kg [0.9 mg/lb] of body weight, each). One cat died after the first injection of diminazene. Additional treatment with isotonic fluids i.v. and heparin s.c. were used as supportive care for dehydration and disseminated intravascular coagulation that were detected by laboratory testing between diminazene or imidocarb treatments. Atropine was effective in recovery and preventing adverse reactions associated with imidocarb treatment of 1 cat.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Bartonella henselae invasion of feline erythrocytes in vitro.

Bartonella henselae, the causative agent of cat scratch disease, establishes long-term bacteremia in cats, in which it attaches to and invades feline erythrocytes (RBC). Feline RBC invasion was assessed in vitro, based on gentamicin selection for intracellular bacteria or by laser confocal microscopy and digital sectioning. Invasion rates ranged from 2 to 20% of the inoculum, corresponding to infection of less than 1% of the RBC. Invasion was a slow process, requiring >8 h before significant numbers of intracellular bacteria were detected. Pretreatment of the bacteria with trypsin, or of the RBC with trypsin or neuraminidase, had no effect, but pronase pretreatment of RBC resulted in a slight increase in invasion frequency. The ability to model B. henselae invasion of feline RBC in vitro should permit identification of bacterial surface components involved in this process and elucidate the significance of RBC invasion to transmission and infection in cats.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Leptospira interrogans serovar grippotyphosa infection in dogs.

Leptospirosis attributed to infection with serovar grippotyphosa was diagnosed in 11 dogs. In naturally and experimentally infected dogs, a stereotypic serologic response to infection with Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa was detected. Although the highest serum antibody titers developed against serovar grippotyphosa, most dogs also had lower titers against serovars bratislava and pomona. Acute renal failure was evident in 10 dogs. One dog died prior to initiation of treatment; the remaining 10 dogs were treated with antibiotics and fluids. Two dogs were euthanatized, 2 dogs recovered without clinical or biochemical evidence of residual renal dysfunction, and 6 dogs recovered but had varying degrees of renal insufficiency. Hepatic involvement appeared to be a minor component of the disease in these dogs. Our results indicate that Leptospira serovar grippotyphosa infection is an important problem in dogs and should be considered when evaluating a dog with renal failure.

Acute Kidney Injury↗
PubMed1996

Bartonella vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov., isolated from dogs; Bartonella vinsonii subsp. vinsonii; and emended description of Bartonella vinsonii.

Two bacterial strains, one isolated from the blood of a dog with valvular endocarditis and one isolated from the blood of a healthy dog, were similar to Bartonella species, as determined by a number of phenotypic criteria, including growth characteristics, biochemical reactions, and cell wall fatty acid composition. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity studies confirmed that these strains are closely related and belong in the genus Bartonella and that Bartonella vinsonii is their closest relative (the 16S rRNA of isolate 93-C01T [T = type strain] was 99.37% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain of B. vinsonii, the 16S rRNA of isolate G7464 was 99.61% identical to the 16S rRNA of the type strain, and the 16S rRNAs of the dog isolates were 99.77% identical to each other). The 16S rRNAs of both strains contained a 12-base insertion that was not present in the 16S rRNA of the type strain of any Bartonella species. DNA relatedness tests revealed that these strains were related at the species level to the type strain of B. vinsonii. They were, however, significantly more closely related to each other than to B. vinsonii. On the basis of their unique 16S rRNA sequence insertion, their preferentially high level of relatedness, and their similar origins (dogs), we believe that strains 93-C01(T) and G7464 should be placed in a separate subspecies of B. vinsonii, for which we propose the name B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii subsp. nov. The type strain of B. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii is strain 93-C01 (= ATCC 51672). The description of B. vinsonii is emended to accommodate the new subspecies, and B. vinsonii subsp. vinsonii is described.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Bartonella henselae infection in cats: evaluation during primary infection, treatment, and rechallenge infection.

Bartonella henselae infection was established in eight cats of various ages by experimental inoculation. All cats remained persistently bacteremic until they were treated 4 to 7 weeks after primary inoculation. Antibody titers increased and peaked between 4 and 12 weeks for all cats. Treatment with doxycycline for 1 week was effective in suppressing bacteremia in all cats but was effective in clearing infection from only four cats. Amoxicillin, given subsequently, was effective in clearing the infection from three of the remaining cats. One kitten that remained bacteremic was treated unsuccessfully with enrofloxacin, and its bacteremia was finally cleared when it was treated with a clavulanate-amoxicillin combination. After the bacteremia was cleared, with a corresponding reduction in serum antibody titers, all eight cats were rechallenged with B. henselae. None of the cats became bacteremic after secondary challenge, and all had higher and more rapid increases in serum antibody titers than after primary inoculation. The cats became resistant to reinfection following recovery from infection, indicating that immunoprophylaxis in cats might be beneficial in helping to reduce their public health risk.

Angiomatosis, Bacillary↗
PubMed1995

Treatment of localized Mycobacterium avium complex infection with clofazimine and doxycycline in a cat.

Mycobacterium avium complex infection resulted in a granuloma that developed at the base of the left ear in a cat. The lesion caused vestibular dysfunction and facial palsy on the left side and protruded into the oral cavity on that side. The cat was treated successfully, with resolution of the lesion and elimination of the organism, by use of combined administration of clofazimine and doxycycline. Adverse effects of the clofazimine treatment included temporary reddish-orange discoloration of the cat's skin and mucous membranes.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Granulocytic ehrlichiosis and meningitis in a dog.

A 4-year-old male mixed-breed dog from the Sierra Nevada mountains in California was referred because of epistaxis and signs of cervical pain. Dermacentor variabilis ticks were found on the dog at the time of physical examination. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included nonregenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, and rare intracytoplasmic morulae within circulating neutrophils. Abnormalities of the CSF included pleocytosis and intracytoplasmic morulae in approximately 9% of neutrophils. Serum antibody titers for Ehrlichia canis (40,960) and Rickettsia rickettsii (5,120) were high, and titer for E equi (40) was moderate. Treatment included administration of tetracycline, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, and prednisone. The dog had several relapses, but long-term remission was eventually achieved. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis has previously been associated with anemia, thrombocytopenia, and polyarthritis in dogs. This case suggests that granulocytic ehrlichiosis may be associated with meningitis and that the organisms that cause granulocytic ehrlichiosis may have the same vector as do the spotted fever-group rickettsiae.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Increased alanine transaminase activity associated with tetracycline administration in a cat.

Administration of tetracycline was believed to be associated with an adverse drug reaction in a cat. Clinical signs consisted of anorexia, ptyalism, and signs of depression. The most noticeable biochemical abnormality was a markedly high serum alanine transaminase activity. Treatment consisted of vitamin E and selenium injections and feeding via a gastrostomy tube. Abnormalities noticed on histologic examination of hepatic tissue were centrilobular fibrosis, mild diffuse cholangiohepatitis, and mild hepatic lipidosis. The lipidosis was believed to have resulted from tetracycline administration, whereas the more chronic lesions (hepatic fibrosis and mild cholangiohepatitis) were believed to have resulted from preexisting, subclinical hepatic disease. Because serum alanine transaminase activity returned to reference ranges and the anorexia and ptyalism resolved with cessation of tetracycline administration, these abnormalities were believed to have represented an adverse drug reaction. Treatment of the cat with vitamin E and selenium was instituted on the basis of reported preventive and therapeutic effects in albino rats with tetracycline-induced hepatic lesions. Whether these compounds had any role in accelerating clinical recovery in this cat is uncertain.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1993

Optimization of polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in biologic specimens.

This study describes the use of a newly constructed set of primers that amplifies an 85-base pair (bp) segment of Borrelia burgdorferi chromosomal DNA. This 85-bp product is not produced when other Borrelia species, Leptospira, or other bacteria are subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also describe a rapid method of optimizing the amplification of B. burgdorferi DNA from canine ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-treated blood and urine samples that circumvents some of the problems encountered due to low number of spirochetes in clinical specimens and that removes inhibiting substances, which improves the PCR diagnosis of canine Lyme borreliosis.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in white-tailed deer in Georgia.

A serologic survey for antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi utilizing an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was conducted on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) serum samples collected in Georgia (USA) from 1979 to 1990. Serologic results from four regions (Barrier Islands, Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and Mountain) and three age classes (0.5, 1.5, and > or = 2.5 yr) were compared. Antibody prevalence, as determined by positive results at a 1:64 dilution or higher, was 36% in the Barrier Islands, 14% in the Coastal Plain, 8% in the Piedmont, and 4% in the Mountain regions. Statewide antibody prevalence was 19%. Antibody titers generally were low, and if a more conservative cutoff titer of 1:128 were used, the statewide prevalence estimate would have been reduced to 5%. Antibody prevalence as determined at this higher cutoff value, however, still remained highest in the Barrier Islands and lowest in the Mountains. Prevalence estimates were lower in the 0.5-yr age class than in the 1.5-yr or > or = 2.5-yr age class (P < 0.05). A more in-depth retrospective study of the Barrier Islands region from 1971 to 1985 revealed a 50% overall antibody prevalence; positive results were found in every year represented except 1990. Based on these results, we propose that B. burgdorferi has been present in Georgia since at least 1971.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

Comparison of latex agglutination, indirect immunofluorescent antibody, and enzyme immunoassay methods for serodiagnosis of Rocky Mountain spotted fever in dogs.

Indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), latex agglutination (LA), and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) methods were compared for evaluation of the serum antibody responses of dogs experimentally and naturally exposed to spotted fever-group rickettsiae. Selected sera (obtained on days 1, 42, 53, 124, 145, 236, 255, 264, and 292) were examined from three 8-month-old female Beagles inoculated with Rickettsia rickettsii on days 34 and 250 of the study. A second group of dogs comprised three 8-month-old female Beagles inoculated with R montana on days 34 and 102. Subsequently, these dogs were inoculated with R rickettsii on day 250. Serum samples were obtained from the second group of dogs on days 1, 96, 103, 132, 180, 215, 292, and 494. A third group consisted of 21 naturally exposed dogs, from which sequentially obtained serum samples were available, and which had clinical signs compatible with Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Clinical signs of disease in dogs of the third group resolved after treatment with tetracycline (22 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 8 h) was instituted. At least 2 sequentially obtained serum samples from each dog were tested. In general, the first sample was obtained just prior to treatment and the convalescent serum samples were obtained at weekly or greater intervals thereafter. For correlation and reactivity data, an IFA test for IgG/IgM (using heavy and light chains-specific conjugate) was used as the reference standard for comparison of results with those of the other tests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Serologic prevalence of selected infectious diseases in cats with uveitis.

Serologic evidence of infection by Toxoplasma gondii, feline leukemia virus, feline coronaviruses, or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is commonly found in cats with uveitis. Serum samples from 124 cats with uveitis were assayed by use of ELISA for the detection of T gondii-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), IgG, and circulating antigens (Ag), as well as an ELISA for feline leukemia virus Ag, an ELISA for antibodies to FIV, and an indirect fluorescent antibody assay for antibodies to feline coronaviruses. Serologic evidence of infection by 1 or more of the infectious agents was detected in 83.1% of the samples. Serologic evidence of T gondii infection, defined as the detection of T gondii-specific IgM, IgG, or Ag in serum, was found in 74.2% of the samples. The seroprevalence of T gondii infection was significantly greater in cats with uveitis than in healthy cats from a similar geographic area. Serum samples from cats with serologic evidence of both T gondii and FIV infections were more likely to contain T gondii-specific IgM without IgG than samples from cats with serologic evidence of T gondii infection alone. Cats with serologic evidence of FIV and T gondii coinfection had a higher T gondii-specific IgM titer geometric mean and a lower T gondii-specific IgG titer geometric mean than did cats with serologic evidence of T gondii infection alone. Serologic evaluation for T gondii infection should include assays that detect IgM, IgG, and Ag, particularly in cats coinfected with FIV.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Mitogen and antigen-specific induction of lymphoblast transformation in cats with subclinical toxoplasmosis.

Lymphoblast transformation in whole blood was assessed by 3H-thymidine incorporation after stimulation by concanavalin A and Toxoplasma gondii secretory and intracellular antigens in samples from cats with experimentally induced toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin M, immunoglobulin G, and circulating antigens were also measured throughout the study period. Lymphocytes from all cats were responsive to concanavalin A pre- and post-inoculation with T. gondii. Suppression of mitogen-stimulated lymphoblast transformation during the course of infection was not observed. Both the secretory and intracellular antigens stimulated lymphoblast transformation in many cats from Week 2 to Week 52 post-inoculation. Lymphoblast transformation was stimulated more frequently by intracellular antigens (66.25%) than by secretory antigens (48.75%). Lymphoblast transformation was not induced by T. gondii antigens in any cat prior to appearance of T. gondii-specific antibodies in serum or during the oocyst shedding period. Cats with persistent antigenemia had the most consistent lymphoblast transformation results induced by T. gondii-specific antigens.

Animals↗