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Biomedical subjects

C E Short

Publications and source records attributed to C E Short.

18 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1992

Advantages and guidelines for using halothane.

Halothane is a frequently used agent. Its cost is inexpensive. Halothane is a safe and effective anesthetic agent if used properly. Proper usage includes adjusting the concentration administered to produce adequate anesthesia for the procedure without excess depression of cardiac, respiratory, and neurologic function. Proper monitoring of the patient indicates the adjustments needed in concentration or needed medications or procedures to increase safe usage. Potent tranquilizers, sedatives, and analgesics used as preanesthetics during halothane anesthesia or the early postanesthetic period may produce profound changes in anesthetic concentrations required or physiologic responses to the combined medications.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

The case for high gas flows.

High gas flows provide a higher margin of safety and fewer physiologic complications for extended anesthetic periods. The veterinarian should consider personnel, anesthetic, and monitoring equipment and the surgical procedure requiring anesthesia before making a final decision on which flow rates are appropriate.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1992

Comparison of neurologic responses to the use of medetomidine as a sole agent or preanesthetic in laboratory beagles.

Different dose regimens of medetomidine (a potent alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), adding up to a combined dose of 80 micrograms/kg, were administered to laboratory beagles to determine physiologic responses including neurologic. The study was intended to determine EEG responses where sufficient sedative and analgesic effects are reached with medetomidine and in contrast its effects when used with ketamine or halothane. Cardiopulmonary responses were very similar in each dose regimen, showing the characteristic properties of single doses of 80 micrograms/kg of medetomidine. Effective sedative and analgesic duration seemed to be a function of when the largest dose was administered. Adequate additional sedative and analgesic could be gained from injections at doses of half of the initial one. The potent sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine confirmed by neurologic evaluation supports its potential use as a premedication to general anesthesia in dogs. In this study, 2 different doses of medetomidine were also tested as premedication to both ketamine HCI and halothane anesthesia. Neorologic responses were determined at the same time cardiopulmonary parameters, anesthetic quality, and dose requirements were recorded. Medetomidine was found to have favorable qualities in conjunction with these anesthetics. Cardiopulmonary parameters remained satisfactory in both groups as preanesthetic medication prior to halothane, but no additional benefits could be seen from doses of 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine compared to 20 micrograms/kg, except a significant 30% reduction in halothane requirement. The positive chronotropic and inotropic properties of ketamine restored the medetomidine-induced bradycardia and produced a short anesthetic period of 15 to 30 min depending on the dose of medetomidine. The quality of anesthesia was better when 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine was used, but recovery was quicker with 20 micrograms/kg medetomidine. Medetomidine significantly reduced cerebral activity as demonstrated by recordings of total amplitude and frequency evaluation of the EEG with compressed spectral analysis. This analytical method was effective in confirming clinical signs of sedation, analgesia, and anesthesia in canine subjects.

Analgesia↗
PubMed1991

Effects of anticholinergic treatment on the cardiac and respiratory systems in dogs sedated with medetomidine.

Alpha 2-adrenergic agonists are often used for sedation and, or, analgesia in dogs, but they are often associated with bradycardia and in some animals with atrioventricular heart block. In this study, atropine or glycopyrrolate either helped to maintain the heart rates or were effective in increasing reduced heart rates of dogs treated with medetomidine. In the process, however, cardiac dysrhythmias often developed. These dysrhythmias were predominantly associated with the combined responses to the medetomidine and the anticholinergic agent because there were no significant changes in respiratory function. A reduced blood oxygen content or increased blood carbon dioxide can contribute to cardiac irritability. Atropine and glycopyrrolate were more effective in preventing bradycardia and had less undesirable side effects when they were given before the administration of medetomidine.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

Medetomidine as a preanesthetic prior to ketamine-HCL and halothane anesthesia in laboratory beagles.

The potent sedative and analgesic effects of medetomidine confirm its potential use as a premedication to general anesthesia in dogs. In this study two different doses of medetomidine were tested as premedication to both ketamine HCl and halothane anesthesia in groups consisting of 4 laboratory beagles each. Cardiopulmonary parameters, anesthetic quality and dose requirements were recorded. Medetomidine was found to have favorable qualities in conjunction with these anesthetics. Atropine prevented the profound bradycardia and sinus arrhythmia seen with medetomidine alone. Cardiopulmonary parameters remained satisfactory in both groups, but no additional benefits could be seen from doses of 40 micrograms/kg medetomidine compared to 20 micrograms/kg, except a significant 30% reduction in halothane requirement. The positive chronotropic and inotropic properties of ketamine restored the medetomidine induced bradycardia and produced a short anesthetic period of 15-30 min depending on the dose of medetomidine. The quality of anesthesia was good in both groups, but recovery was quicker and smoother in the group with 20 micrograms/kg medetomidine.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of three different dose regimes of medetomidine in laboratory beagles.

Different dose regimes of medetomidine (a potent alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), adding up to a combined dose of 80 micrograms/kg, were administered to laboratory beagles to determine the possible superiority of any particular regime. The study was intended to mimic a clinical situation where sufficient sedative and analgesic effect was not reached with the initial dose and an additional dose would have to be administered. Cardiopulmonary responses were very similar in each dose regime, showing the characteristic properties of single doses of 80 micrograms/kg of medetomidine as reported in the literature. Effective sedative and analgesic duration seemed to be a function of when the largest dose was administered. Adequate additional sedative and analgesic effect could be gained from the second injection at doses of half of the initial one.

Adrenergic alpha-Agonists↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of xylazine, acepromazine, meperidine and medetomidine as preanesthetics to halothane anesthesia in dogs.

The preanesthetic properties of medetomidine, a novel alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, were compared to the preanesthetic properties of acepromazine, zylazine and meperidine prior to halothane anesthesia. The premedications were given to 23 randomly selected laboratory beagles in doses with sedative effects equal to the 10 micrograms/kg used in the medetomidine group. These dogs also received 0.04 mg/kg of atropine prior to the preanesthetic. A group of 7 dogs with a high medetomidine dose (40 micrograms/kg) was included in the study. Cardiopulmonary and respiratory parameters were recorded at 10 min intervals during surgical stimulus. Dogs receiving 40 micrograms/kg of medetomidine showed bradycardia, but higher blood pressures than dogs in the other groups. Adequate oxygen saturations and perfusion were recorded in all groups. The low 10 micrograms/kg dose of medetomididine had a halothane sparing effect comparable to the other premedications, while the 40 micrograms/kg of medetomidine group showed a clear decrease in halothane consumption. The sedative effect of 10 micrograms/kg of medetomidine was in some instances inadequate for proper manipulation of the dogs, but 40 micrograms/kg produced excessive sedation. Atropine was found to counteract the medetomidine induced bradycardia.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1978

Anesthesia for small animal geriatric patient.

The decreased adaptability normally associated with aging animals is described. Anesthetic evaluation and management of these alterations can be successfully completed if wide variations in organ functions are not required of the patient by the surgeon or anesthetist.

Aging↗
PubMed1978

General anesthesia in pleasure horses.

Anesthetic management of the pleasure horse consists of the appropriate selection and administration of pre-anesthetic medications including anticholinergics, tranquilizers and narcotics followed by appropriate techniques of anesthetic induction. The anesthetic induction must vary somewhat for the pleasure horse practice since many of the procedures are completed on farms and ranches. As a result the inducing of anesthesia will frequently be with the same agent which will be used to maintain anesthesia. Noticeably will be the reduction and duration of anesthesia and surgical time. The induction of anesthesia will predominately be with ultra-short barbiturates alone or in combination with muscle relaxants or combinations of tranquilizers and dissociative anesthetics. Supplemental injections of intravenous agents or halothane, methoxyflurane or enflurane may be used to maintain anesthesia. Recoveries can be expected to vary according to the duration of anesthesia and the selection of agents that have been used. Anesthetic complications predominately consist of cardiopulmonary responses and those associated with recovery.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1978

Anesthesia for small animal pediatric and geriatric patients. I. Anesthesia for small animal pediatric patients.

Anesthetic management of the pediatric patient is a challenge which can give rise to a most rewarding anesthetic management if one takes into consideration the normal physiological function of the pediatric patient. One should choose the appropriate medications which may safely be administered to an animal of this age. Control of anesthesia through the use of appropriate anesthetic equipment and the use of appropriate monitoring will aid safe management. The selection of adjunct medications can achieve control of complications and aid ultimate uncomplicated recovery.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1975

Surgical anesthesia in turkeys with thialbarbital sodium.

Thialbarbital sodium was found to be a reliable and economical general anesthetic for domesticated turkeys. Despite shortness of action of the initial dose, surgical anesthesia was maintained longer than 2 hours by intermittent infusion via a brachial vein cannula. The drug was reconstituted just before use (66 mg/ml) with sterile 1% saline solution. Rapid smooth induction was produced with an initial dosage of 30 mg/kg for hens and 26.5 mg/kg for toms, when administered within a 30- to 60-second interval. Supplemental infusion of the drug in increments of 0.25 to 1.5 ml was used to sustain the desired level of deep narcosis. The occurrence of respiratory failure was considerably less for thialbarbital than with pentobarbital sodium. Recovery was rapid and smooth.

Anesthesia, Intravenous↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of low arterial oxygen tension in anesthetized horses with clenbuterol.

Clenbuterol (0.8 microgram/kg intravenously) was administered to 10 anesthetized horses with an abnormally low PaO2 (less than 90 mm Hg) despite controlled ventilation with an oxygen-rich gas mixture. Results were compared with those from 10 controls to which no clenbuterol was given and in which conventional methods to increase PaO2 were ongoing. Horses treated with clenbuterol had higher PaO2 values for at least 90 minutes. Clenbuterol was associated with increased heart rate and profuse sweating. Clenbuterol can be administered intravenously to increase the PaO2 of mechanically ventilated horses that have low arterial oxygen tension while under inhalation anesthesia. Further studies are warranted to define more precisely the circumstances under which clenbuterol may be used safely.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Electroencephalographic power spectrum analysis as a monitor of anesthetic depth in horses.

Electroencephalographic (EEG) power spectrum analysis was performed in 18 conscious, adult horses for evaluation as control values for EEG data obtained during anesthesia. Computer-processed total amplitudes for the frequency range 0 to 32 Hz were mainly between 400 and 600 microV, with 80% spectral edge frequency between 16.6 and 32.5 Hz. The highest electrical activity was in the delta band (41.3 +/- 4.4% of total amplitude); there was a less pronounced activity in the beta (34.2 +/- 5.2%), theta (13.6 +/- 1.5%), and alpha (10.0 +/- 1.0%) bands. The applicability of EEG power spectrum analysis as a guide to depth of anesthesia was evaluated in four horses by comparing simultaneously recorded EEG data and clinical signs of anesthesia. Global changes in cerebrocortical electrical activity were detected with a single, monopolar (left frontoatlanto-occipital) EEG lead. Increasing depth of halothane anesthesia was accompanied by a pronounced shift in EEG activity from beta to theta and delta frequency bands, a decrease in 80% spectral edge frequency from 21.5 +/- 2.4 Hz to 12.6 +/- 2.2 Hz, a reduction in the beta/delta ratio of fractional amplitudes from 2.37 +/- 0.84 to 0.49 +/- 0.04, and a slight inconsistent increase in total amplitude from 96.1 +/- 37.3 microV to 185.5 +/- 53 microV. These results show that changes in the clinical signs of anesthetic depth in horses can be described numerically by use of EEG power spectrum analysis.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Preanesthetic evaluation and management of malignant hyperthermia in the pig experimental model.

Fifty-three swine from the University of Missouri Sinclair Medical Research Farm were used in experimentation to determine their susceptibility to malignant hyperthermia, to determine appropriate anesthetic agents for susceptible swine and to investigate appropriate pharmaceutical agents which could protect against the development of malignant hyperthermia. The screening technics used were successful in determining susceptible animals to MH and the anesthesia studies indicated that dissociative anesthetics had less tendency to trigger MH than did halothane and pancuronium was shown to have greater safety as a muscle relaxant than succinylcholine in this group of pigs. Pigs pretreated with reserpine had less tendency to develop symptoms of MH and some were completely protected. The principle undesirable effect was the development of hypotension if sufficient reserpine was used to provide total protection.

Anesthetics↗