PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C Evereklioglu

Publications and source records attributed to C Evereklioglu.

35 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Normative values of craniofacial measurements in idiopathic benign macrocephalic children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine normal standard values at each age for head circumference; inner canthal distance; outer canthal distance; near interpupillary distance; distant [far] interpupillary distance; canthal index; and circumference-interorbital index specific for the age, sex, and race in 7- to 16-year-old idiopathic benign macrocephalic male and female children. METHODS: The measurements of head circumference were obtained in 8736 children (4591 boys and 4145 girls) in the city center of Malatya. From these, macrocephalic children (boys = 103, girls = 93) were chosen and invited to our clinic for detailed examination. Mean values for each parameter were obtained at each age from 7 to 16 years. RESULTS: The mean age for male and female children were 11.87 +/- 2.87 and 11.72 +/- 2.75 years, respectively. The overall mean values for head circumference, inner canthal distance, outer canthal distance, near interpupillary distance, distant interpupillary distance, canthal index and circumference-interorbital index in boys were found to be 57.43 +/- 1.46 cm, 31.90 +/- 2.41 mm, 89.29 +/- 4.34 mm, 58.79 +/- 2.97 mm, 62.10 +/- 3.23 mm, 35.73 +/- 2.24, and 5.56 +/- 0.44, respectively. In girls, these values were 56.57 +/- 1.24 cm, 31.45 +/- 2.65 mm, 87.71 +/- 4.11 mm, 58.16 +/- 3.46 mm, 61.26 +/- 3.66 mm, 35.84 +/- 2.31, and 5.56 +/- 0.43, respectively. CONCLUSION: Normal values of craniofacial measurements for idiopathic benign macrocephalic healthy children are useful in early identification of some craniofacial syndromes, congenital or posttraumatic telecanthus, epicanthus, and hypo-hypertelorism and of planning surgical intervention. We suggest that the comparison of craniofacial dimensions of macrocephalic healthy children must be performed with normal standards specific for age as well as sex and race.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Thoracic involvement in Behçet's disease and its correlation with multiple parameters.

In Behçet's disease (BD), controversy has existed over the incidence of thoracic involvement, which may be a direct threat to the patient's life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of thoracic involvement in BD and its correlation with the number of diagnostic BD criteria of The International Study Group (ISG), gender, disease duration, and the presence of symptoms. Forty-two BD patients, who had consecutively applied to different clinics in Turgut Ozal Medical Center Research Hospital, were included in the study. They were either newly diagnosed or already under treatment. All patients were examined by standard chest roentgenogram, spirometry, and thorax CT. Perfusion scintigraphies were obtained in patients with thoracic involvement. Thoracic pathologic conditions were found in five patients (11.9%). All thoracic pathologic conditions appeared in patients with at least four diagnostic criteria (26 patients) of the ISG for BD. In this subgroup, the rate of thoracic involvement was 19.2%. Also, 25% of the patients with pulmonary symptoms (12 patients) had thoracic lesions. Gender and the duration of the disease did not correlate with thoracic involvement. Our findings suggest that the rate of thoracic involvement in BD is greater than is generally believed. An increased number of diagnostic BD criteria of the ISG may indicate other organ system involvement and an increased risk of thoracic pathosis. All BD patients with at least four diagnostic criteria or any pulmonary symptoms should be evaluated for thoracic involvement, which is a major menace to life and necessitates early intervention.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Autonomic nervous system functions in obese children.

Childhood obesity is a complex syndrome, probably due to the multiplicity of contributing factors, contradictory literature information about etiology, prognosis, prevention and treatment. In the recent reports, autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction has been documented in adult obesity. Autonomic nervous system functions in obese children are not clear. This study was planned to investigate autonomic nervous system function in childhood (7-13 years of age) obesity. Study and control groups consisted of 33 simple obese (23 boys and ten girls, mean age 9.5+/-1.4 years) and 30 healthy children (18 boys and 12 girls, mean age 10.1+/-1.8 years), respectively. Four non-invasive autonomic nervous system function tests (Orthostatic test, Valsalva ratio, 30/15 ratio, Heart rate responses to deep breathing) and general ophthalmic examination were performed on both groups. The difference between the obese and control groups was found statistically significant in Valsalva ratio, 30/15 ratio and Heart rate responses to deep breathing (P<0.025), and insignificant in Orthostatic test (P>0.05). Ophthalmic examinations were normal. The result of these tests suggested normal activity of sympathetic, and hypoactivity of parasympathetic nervous system, implying parasympathetic nervous system dysfunction as a risk factor or associated finding in childhood obesity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Comparative external versus endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy: results in 115 patients (130 eyes).

BACKGROUND: Epiphora is an annoying symptom, embarrassing the patient both socially and functionally. The two widely accepted treatment modalities of epiphora resulting from obstruction of the nasolacrimal ductus are external and endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). OBJECTIVE: The aim was to compare the results, operative time, and complications of external and videoendoscopic endonasal DCR performed between December 1994 and December 1998. METHODS: In group 1, conventional primary external DCR with or without silicone tube intubation was performed in 79 patients (66 women and 13 men) with unilateral dacryocystitis. In group 2, endoscopic primary endonasal DCR with hammer-chisel removal of bone located over the lacrimal sac was performed in 51 eyes of 36 patients, 33 women and 3 men (15 bilateral procedures). RESULTS: The follow-up period was 6 to 48 months (mean 25 months) after surgery. The age range was from 4 to 76 years (mean 38.5 years). The success rates of external and endoscopic hammer-chisel DCR were found to be 89.8% and 88.2%, respectively. A lower complication rate was observed in the endoscopic group, with minimal morbidity and shorter operative time compared with the external approach. CONCLUSIONS: Hammer-chisel endoscopic DCR is practical, less traumatic, less time-consuming, and cosmetically more convenient than the external approach. The success rate of the endoscopic DCR procedure is comparable with that of traditional external DCR, and it also allows simultaneous correction of any intranasal pathology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Increased plasma adrenomedullin levels in patients with Behçet's disease.

BACKGROUND: Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder affecting multiple organs with a generalized vasculitis of arteries and veins. Endothelial dysfunction is one of the prominent features of BD. Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide produced not only in normal adrenal medulla but also in the vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells, and its role in the course of BD has not been previously described. OBJECTIVE: To detect changes of plasma AM concentrations in patients with BD compared with age- and sex-matched healthy subjects by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPCL). We also investigated if disease activity or the duration of BD correlates with AM levels. METHODS: Forty-two consecutive patients with BD (38.5 +/- 11.1 years, 19 male and 23 female) and 20 healthy age- and sex-matched control subjects (39.5 +/- 10.9 years, 8 male and 12 female) were included in this study. We measured plasma AM levels by HPCL, and acute-phase reactants including alpha(1)-antitrypsin and alpha(2)-macroglobulin, neutrophil count and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. RESULTS: Mean +/- SD plasma AM levels in patients with BD (73.22 +/- 25.55 pmol/l) were significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in healthy control volunteers (21.35 +/- 12.37 pmol/l). Patients with active BD had similar plasma AM concentrations (79.32 +/- 21.89 pmol/l) with patients with inactive disease (67.44 +/- 29.92 pmol/l). On the other hand, patients with longer duration of the disease (mean duration, 13.9 +/- 3.8 years) had significantly higher plasma AM levels (83.99 +/- 19.71 pmol/l; p = 0.005) than patients (62.45 +/- 26.57 pmol/l) with shorter duration of the disease (mean duration, 5. 5 +/- 2.3 years). All acute-phase reaction parameters were found to be significantly increased in the active disease. CONCLUSION: Considering its endothelial cell implications, AM may be involved in reparatory vessel endothelium mechanisms, especially in the chronic disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Weill-Marchesani syndrome in three generations.

BACKGROUND: Weill-Marchesani syndrome is a rare systemic connective tissue disorder consisting of brachymorphy, brachydactyly, ectopia lentis, spherophakia and glaucoma. METHODS: We report 6 patients with Weill-Marchesani syndrome (with or without ocular involvement) in three generations, identified by screening 26 members of two families. This is the largest family in the literature showing an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. RESULTS: Presenile vitreous liquefaction was present in all the younger cases. Weill-Marchesani syndrome was full-blown in two cases in the third generation, in which asymmetrical axial length and glaucomatous damage were present. To our knowledge this is the first report regarding asymmetrical axial length and glaucomatous damage, and presenile vitreous liquefaction in Weill-Marchesani syndrome with or without ocular involvement. CONCLUSIONS: The longer axial length might be the precursor of impending severe glaucomatous damage. Presenile vitreous liquefaction in subtle young cases should alert the physician to the diagnosis of Weill-Marchesani syndrome on screening of the family members.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1997

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester to inhibit posterior capsule opacification in rabbits.

PURPOSE: To assess whether caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) prevents posterior capsule opacification (PCO) by suppressing the transformation of the lens epithelial cells. SETTING: Departments of Ophthalmology, Chemistry, and Pathology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, University of Inonu, Malatya, Turkey. METHODS: Twenty pigmented island rabbits having phacoemulsification in their right eyes were randomized into two groups. In group 1, 10 micrograms/ml of CAPE was added to the anterior chamber irrigating solution and a 1% solution of CAPE was injected subconjunctivally for 3 weeks postoperatively. The irrigating solution in Group 2 (control) did not include CAPE. The development of PCO was assessed weekly and its density was graded by slitlamp biomicroscopy. Histologic analysis was performed 3 months after surgery. RESULTS: Group 1 had clear capsules or minor PCO. Group 2 developed more severe PCO or complete opacification. The difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P = .04). CONCLUSION: These preliminary results indicate that CAPE is effective in suppressing PCO in pigmented rabbits and may be beneficial in clinical use in humans because it has no documented harmful effects on normal cells.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Increased corneal thickness in active Behçet's disease.

PURPOSE: To measure central corneal thickness (CCT) in patients with Behçet's disease (BD), particularly in the active disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured CCT by ultrasound pachymetry in 64 patients with Behçet's disease and in 20 healthy controls. Forty-one of the patients with BD had ocular involvement and 23 none; 19 of the 41 with ocular involvement were in an active period and 22 had inactive disease. RESULTS: The mean CCT in the group with active ocular involvement was significantly higher (589+/-27 microm) than in the control group (553+/-21 microm) (p = 0.003), the group with inactive ocular involvement (560+/-26 microm) (p < 0.001), and the group with no ocular involvement (558+/-25 microm) (p < 0.001). After appropriate treatment of patients with active ocular involvement, the mean CCT returned nearly to normal (563+/-20 microm) and the difference from controls was not significant. There was no significant difference for the mean CCT between controls and the patients with no ocular involvement or with inactive ocular involvement. CONCLUSIONS: Behçet's patients with active ocular involvement have a thicker CCT than patients with inactive ocular involvement. There was no difference in CCT between controls and patients with no ocular involvement. The CCT of patients with active ocular involvement returned to nearly normal after treatment. CCT must be taken into account when developing a managing and following approach for Behcet's patients with active ocular involvement.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Decreased nitric oxide production in primary open-angle glaucoma.

PURPOSE: Raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the major risk factor responsible for optic nerve damage in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). The trabecularmeshwork acts as a valve in aqueous outflow and relaxes with nitric oxide (NO) agonists. Since NO is synthesized by endothelium and smooth muscle elsewhere in the body, this study investigated the NO levels in the aqueous humor of patients with POAG compared with cataract patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous humor samples were taken by paracentesis from 16 consecutive patients with POAG (9 male and 7 female; mean age 69.0+/-3.4 yrs) and 14 age and sex-matched controls with cataract (8 male and 6 female; mean age 66.7+/-4.1 yrs) during elective surgery. As an indicator for NO, aqueous total nitrite levels (end - product of NO) were measured by Greiss reaction. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical analysis and P <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The mean age and sex in two groups were comparable. The mean aqueous humor NO levels were significantly (P = 0.001) lower in patients with glaucoma (72.72+/-11.21 micromol/L) than in patients with cataract and no glaucoma (86.92+/-11.23 micromol/L). CONCLUSIONS: Decreased NO production in patients with POAG indicates that NO-producing cells may be lost as the disease progresses. The control of NO levels in the eye might be a therapeutic target in glaucoma.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of the effects of argon and neodymium:YAG laser iridotomy on cytokines in the rabbit aqueous humor.

PURPOSE: We compared the effects in rabbits of iridotomy using the argon or Nd:YAG laser on cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). METHODS: Twenty pigmented rabbits (20 eyes) underwent argon and Nd:YAG iridotomy under general and topical anesthesia. Group 1 (10 right eyes) was treated with the argon laser and group 2 (10 right eyes) with the Nd:YAG laser, using an equal number of shots and the same laser parameters for each group. Left eyes in both groups were evaluated as controls. Aqueous humor specimens were collected from each eye preoperatively and 1 and 3 days postoperatively. RESULTS: Aqueous IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels rose more on day 1 in the Nd:YAG group than the argon group. IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels were significantly higher on days 1 and 3 than the pre-operative and control levels (p<0.05). TNF-alpha levels on day 1 were significantly lower in the Nd:YAG than the argon group. There were no significant differences between the two laser groups for IL-6 on days 1 and 3. IL-1beta and IL-8 did not change CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that cytokines, particularly IL-6 and TNF-alpha, may be inflammatory mediators in the early inflammation following argon and Nd:YAG laser iridotomies. These results also indicate that cytokines contribute to the acute effects of Nd:YAG and argon laser applications on inflammation.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of L-NAME and timolol on aqueous IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha and NO levels after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy in rabbits.

PURPOSE: Pro-inflammatory cytokines are produced by tissues and play a vital role in the host inflammatory response and uveitis. Nitric oxide (NO) can be produced in large amounts as a response to experimentally-induced uveitis or cytokines. In this study, we measured the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and free-radical in aqueous humor after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy in rabbits, and investigated whether timolol maleate an anti-glaucoma drug, or a NO synthase inhibitor, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (L-NAME) had an inhibitory effect on these molecules, since L-NAME is a known anti-inflammatory agent in rabbits. METHODS: Bilateral experimental Nd:YAG laser iridotomy (power 7.5 mJ, mode single burst, aiming beam 4) was performed on 18 rabbits under general plus topical anesthesia. Aqueous humor samples were taken by clear corneal paracentesis preoperatively, and 1 and 24 h postoperatively. Six rabbits (12 eyes) were given bilateral topical timolol maleate 0.5% (Timoptic) drop b.i.d. (group 1), six rabbits (12 eyes) received bilateral 0.1 ml subconjuntival injections of L-NAME (150 mg/kg) (group 2), and six rabbits (12 eyes) were treated with topical balanced salt solution (BSS) b.i.d. (control). RESULTS. Preoperative cytokine and NO levels were comparable in the three groups, with no significant differences. In addition, there was no significant difference in baseline cytokine levels between the right and left eyes. In all groups, pre- and postoperative mean IL-1beta levels were below the detection limit of the assay (<5.0 pg/ml). In the control group, postoperative mean IL-6, IL-8 and NO levels were significantly higher after Nd:YAG laser iridotomy than before (for each, p < 0.01). Timolol and L-NAME both inhibited the rise in IL-8 and TNF-alpha levels. Timolol also inhibited the rise in IL-6 but not NO. L-NAME had an inhibitory effect against NO, but not IL-6. CONCLUSIONS: L-NAME has an inhibitory effect on IL-8, TNF-alpha and NO, but not on IL-6. Timolol had inhibitory effects on IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-alpha, but not on NO. These preliminary experimental results might help in assssing the effect of Nd:YAG laser iridotomy in aqueous humor, and to understand the inhibitory effects of timolol and L-NAME against these molecules.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Open-sky capsulorrhexis in triple procedure: with or without trypan blue?

PURPOSE: To establish the beneficial effects of trypan blue 0.1% capsule staining in open-sky capsulorrhexis during triple procedure. METHODS: Patients who underwent penetrating keratoplasty (PK) with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation were divided into two groups. Group 1 consisted of 31 eyes of 26 patients with a mean age 64.4 +/- 6.9 years and anterior lens capsule was stained with trypan blue 0.1% to perform open-sky capsulorrhexis. In Group 2, capsulorhexis was performed without staining of the anterior capsule in 19 eyes of 17 patients with a mean age 60.6 +/- 5.3 years. The rates of complete capsulorrhexis and intra- and postoperative capsule-related complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis before PK was corneal opacification in both groups. Open-sky capsulorrhexis was not completed in 3 eyes (9.6%) in Group 1 and in 9 eyes (47.3%) in Group 2. The rates of incomplete capsulorrhexis, posterior capsule tear, and transscleral fixation IOL implantation were higher in Group 2 (for each, p < 0.05). The diameters of capsulorrhexis were smaller than 4.5 mm in one eye in Group 1 and in two eyes in Group 2, and larger than 6.5 mm in two eyes in Group 1 and in three eyes in Group 2. Malposition of IOL, zonular dialysis, retinal detachment, and pupil capture were only observed in eyes in Group 2. In the follow-up period, there were no adverse reactions due to application of trypan blue in Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Trypan blue staining of the anterior capsule during triple procedure helps the surgeon perform open-sky capsulorrhexis more easily and safely and in proper dimensions, provides positive effects on the other steps of the surgery, and decreases the rate of posterior capsule tear formation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide on macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide as primary treatment of macular edema in branch retinal vein occlusion. METHODS: Fifteen eyes of 15 patients with macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion (Group 1) who received 8 mg/0.2 ml of intravitreal triamcinolone injection as primary treatment were retrospectively evaluated. The control group (Group 2) consisted of 19 eyes of 19 patients who had received laser treatment for macular edema. The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and macular edema map values of Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II. RESULTS: In Group 1, mean visual acuity improved significantly from a mean logMAR (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution) value of 0.98+/-0.19 at baseline to a maximum of 0.24+/-0.24 during a mean follow-up time of 6.3 months. In the control group, the mean baseline log-MAR visual acuity before laser treatment was 1.02+/-0.22, and it was 0.50+/-0.28 at 6-month examinations. Mean improvement in visual acuity at 1-, 3-, and 6-month examinations was significantly higher in Group 1 when compared with the control group (for each, p<0.001). The mean edema map value of Group 1 significantly decreased by 40% at 6-month examinations when compared with preinjection value (p<0.001). In Group 1, mean increase in intraocular pressure elevation was 19.8% at the 1-month, 26.9% at 3-month, and 5.7% at 6-month visits, but intraocular pressures were under control with topical antiglaucomatous medications. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection may be a new and promising approach as initial therapy for macular edema due to branch retinal vein occlusion.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Retrospective comparison of surgical techniques to prevent secondary opacification in pediatric cataracts.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of different surgical methods for management of the posterior capsule and anterior vitreous on the rate of posterior capsule opacification in pediatric cataracts. METHODS: Charts of 34 children (47 eyes) aged 40 days to 18 years (mean: 8.5 years) who had primary cataract surgery with or without posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation during the past 5 years were reviewed. In 26 eyes, cataracts were managed with a posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis, and in 21 eyes, the posterior capsule was left intact. Follow-up averaged 10 months (range: 6.5 months to 5 years). RESULTS: Visually significant secondary cataract developed in nine eyes with intact posterior capsules, and seven eyes required Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy. The average time for YAG capsulotomy postcataract removal in the second group was 4 months. The visual axis remained clear in all eyes that had posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis with or without posterior chamber IOL. Complications such as fibrinoid membrane, stromal edema, posterior synechiae, updrawn pupil, and transient glaucoma occurred in both groups at a similar rate. CONCLUSION: Primary posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis is an effective method for preventing secondary cataract formation in pediatric cataracts.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The levels of cytokines and nitric oxide in rabbit vitreous humor after retinal laser photocoagulation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines such as interleukin 1-beta (IL-1beta), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on vitreous humor following retinal laser photocoagulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The rabbits were divided into 3 groups of 4 animals (8 eyes) each. Twelve pigmented rabbit eyes underwent modified grid pattern photocoagulation with a power of 240 mW (group I); 300 mW (group II); and 360 mW (group III). The eyes received 200 burns using a spot size of 200 micro, and duration of 0.2 s. Vitreous humor samples were collected from each eye preoperatively and at 24 and 72 hours after the laser. RESULTS: When compared to preoperative levels, IL-6 levels were increased in all groups; IL-1beta levels were increased significantly only in group III. IL-8 levels were high in groups II and III only at 72 hours (P <0.05). TNFalpha levels were elevated significantly in group II and III only at 24 hours (P <0.05). NO levels were significantly higher than preoperative values in all groups at all times. CONCLUSION: Our results support that especially IL-6, IL-8, and NO levels increase significantly following laser photocoagulation. This preliminary study suggests that IL-6, IL-8, and NO might be dominant contributing factors in the occurrence of the inflammation postoperatively.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection as primary treatment for diabetic macular edema.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of intravitreal triamcinolone injection on the course of diabetic macular edema. METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 48 diabetic patients were treated with 8 mg of intravitreal triamcinolone injection as the primary therapy for diabetic macular edema. The main outcome measures included best-corrected visual acuity, fundus fluorescein angio- graphy, macular edema map values of Heidelberg Retinal Tomograph II (HRT II), and intraocular pressures before and after intravitreal injection. RESULTS: The visual acuity increased in 41 of 48 eyes (85.4%) during a mean follow-up time of 7.5 months. The mean baseline best-corrected logMAR (logarithm of minimal angle of resolution) value for visual acuities of the patients before intravitreal triamcinolone injection was 1.17+/-0.20. After treatment, it was 0.85+/-0.29 at 1 month, 0.73+/-0.30 at 3 months, and 0.74+/-0.31 at 6 months, and the differences were significant when compared with baseline values (for each, p<0.001). The mean edema map values significantly decreased by 36% at the 6-month examinations when compared with preinjection values (p<0.001). Average intraocular pressure rose 24.3%, 29.1%, and 11.8% from baseline at the 1-, 3-, and 6-month follow-up intervals. Intraocular pressure elevation exceeding 21 mmHg was observed in 8 of 48 eyes (16.6%), but was controlled with topical antiglaucomatous medications in all eyes. CONCLUSIONS: Intravitreal triamcinolone application provides significant improvement in visual acuity of diabetic patients and clinical course of macular edema, and may therefore be a promising approach in the primary treatment of diabetic macular edema.

Adult↗