Biomedical subjects

C G Wang

Publications and source records attributed to C G Wang.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2001

Greater velocity and magnitude of airway narrowing in immature than in mature rabbit lung explants.

Methacholine (MCh)-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo produces greater maximal increases in pulmonary and airway resistances in immature than in mature rabbits. Our recent findings of lower shear modulus and greater airway distensibility suggest a lower elastic load limiting airway smooth muscle (ASM) shortening in immature rabbit lungs. We hypothesized that a lower elastic load should result in greater velocity of airway narrowing. Lung explants were prepared from three immature and five mature rabbits. Dynamic narrowing of intraparenchymal airways after maximal MCh stimulation was assessed by video microscopy. Immature airways (n = 80) compared with mature airways (n = 110) demonstrated greater peak velocity of shortening (6.98 +/- 0.32 versus 4.22 +/- 0.18% of baseline perimeter/s) and greater maximal airway narrowing, expressed as percentage of baseline area (31.9 +/- 1.6 versus 42.2 +/- 1.8%). For both groups, a greater velocity of shortening resulted in greater airway narrowing. As available data do not support maturational differences in rabbit ASM, our results are consistent with a lower elastic load limiting ASM shortening in the immature rabbit.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2001

A depressant insect toxin with a novel analgesic effect from scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch.

A new peptide named BmK dITAP3 from scorpion Buthus martensii Karsch (BmK) has been identified to possess a dual bioactivity, a depressant neurotoxicity on insects and an analgesic effect on mice. The bioassays also showed that the peptide was definitely devoid of the neurotoxicity on mammals, which indicated that the analgesic effect of BmK dITAP3 could not be ascribed to the syndromic effects of a mammalian neurotoxicity. BmK dITAP3 exhibited 43.0% inhibition efficiency of the analgesic effect on mice at a dose of 5 mg/kg and the FPU value of 0.5 microg/body (approximately 30 mg) on the fly larvae. The pI value and the molecular mass determined by MALDI-TOF MS for dITAP3 were 6.5 and 6722.7, respectively. Its first 15 N-terminal residues were determined by Edman degradation, based on which the full amino acid sequence was deduced from the cDNA sequence encoding the peptide with 3'-RACE. Circular dichroism and sequence based prediction analyses showed dITAP3 may have a similar molecular scaffold as the most scorpion toxins but with features of the more beta structures and much less of alpha helix. The details of the purification, characterization and sequencing as well as the sequence comparison with other depressant insect toxins and the correlation between the analgesic effect and the insect toxicity will be reported and discussed, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2001

Molecular characterization of an anti-epilepsy peptide from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch.

For a long time Asian scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch (BmK) has been used in Chinese traditional medicine to cure many diseases of nervous system. Here we report the purification and characterization of a pharmacologically active neurotoxin from the scorpion BmK. This toxin had little toxicity in mice and insects but was found to have an anti-epilepsy effect in rats, and is thus named as BmK anti-epilepsy peptide (BmK AEP). Its amino-acid sequence was determined by lysylendopeptidase digestion, Edman degradation and mass spectrographic analysis. Based on the determined sequence, the gene coding for this peptide was also cloned and sequenced by the 3' and 5' RACE methods. It encodes a precursor of 85 amino-acid residues including a signal peptide of 21 residues, a mature peptide of 61 residues and three additional residues Gly-Lys-Lys at the C-terminus. The additional Gly sometimes followed by one or two basic residues is prerequisite for the amidation of its C-terminus. C-terminal amidation was also verified by the molecular-mass determination of BmK AEP. This anti-epilepsy peptide toxin shares homology with other depressant insect toxins. The remarkable difference between them was mainly focused at residues 6, 7 and 39; these residues might relate to the unique action of BmK AEP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Bronchial responsiveness among inbred mouse strains. Role of airway smooth-muscle shortening velocity.

To investigate the relationship between bronchial responsiveness and airway smooth-muscle (ASM) contractile properties, we studied inbred mice with known interstrain differences in airway responsiveness. Using oscillatory mechanics, we confirmed that A/J mice were hyperresponsive to methacholine (MCh) as compared with mice of the C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J strains. Analysis of respiratory system resistance and elastance at different flow oscillation frequencies indicated that interstrain differences in responsiveness are present in both central and peripheral airways of these mice. We used video microscopy to measure the rate of contraction of explanted airways, and found that the airways of A/J mice contracted more rapidly than those of C3H/HeJ or C57BL/6J mice. In studies of a fourth strain (Balb/C) of mice, we found both bronchial hyperresponsiveness and increased ASM shortening velocity. The rank order of responsiveness among strains was the same as that for shortening velocity (A/J > Balb/C > C3H/HeJ > C57BL/6J). Furthermore, in each strain of mice, shortening velocity correlated with the achieved degree of airway narrowing and with a greater likelihood of airway closure in individual airways. In contrast, generation of isometric tension in trachealis, morphometric measurements of tracheal ASM, tracheal myosin content, and dose-response curves for MCh of explanted intraparenchymal bronchi failed to correspond to the in vivo phenotype of airway reactivity. These results indicate that bronchial responsiveness is related to ASM shortening velocity, and underscore the importance of smooth-muscle dynamics in understanding the mechanisms of bronchial responsiveness.

Airway Resistance↗

PubMed1999

Molecular characterization of a new excitatory insect neurotoxin with an analgesic effect on mice from the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch.

Besides the neurotoxins active on mammals, a new excitatory insect selective toxin with a mice analgesic activity was found and purified from the venom of the scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch (BmK) (Ji, Y.H., Mansuelle, P., Terakawa, S., Kopeyan, C., Yanaihara, N., Hsu, K., Rochat, H., 1996. Toxicon 34, 987; Luo, M.J., Xiong, Y.M., Wang, M., Wang, D.C., Chi, C.W., 1997. Toxicon 35, 723.). This peptide (designated as BmK IT-AP) is composed of 72 amino acid residues. Its primary structure was determined by automated Edman degradation of the N-terminal part of the reduced and S-carboxamidemethylated protein and its lysylendopeptidase degraded fragments. Based on the determined sequence, the gene specific primers were designed and synthesized for 3' and 5' RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends). Their partial cDNA fragments obtained by 3' and 5' RACEwere cloned and sequenced and the full length cDNA sequence of BmK IT-AP was then completed by overlapping their two partial cDNA sequences. It encodes a precursor of 90 amino acid residues: a signal peptide of 18 residues and a mature peptide of 72 residues which are consistent with the determined protein sequence of BmK IT-AP. The genomic DNA of the peptide was also amplified by PCR from the scorpion genomic DNA and sequenced, which is a first report on the genomic structure of a scorpion toxin specific for insects. Its sequence revealed an intron of 590 bp inserted in the end part of the signal peptide. The peptide caused a fast excitatory contraction paralysis on house fly larvae. Furthermore, the peptide also showed an obvious analgesic effect on mice, as assayed by using a twisting test model. This effect of BmK IT-AP well characterized at molecular level is first reported among the known scorpion insect neurotoxins.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1998

Differential responses of pulmonary arteries and veins to histamine and 5-HT in lung explants of guinea-pigs.

1. The mechanisms by which histamine and 5-HT differentially contract pulmonary arteries and veins are unclear. In lung explants from 26 guinea-pigs, we compared responses of pulmonary arteries and vein to histamine, 5-HT and KCI, and examined potential determinants for the differential responses. Lungs were filled with agarose, sectioned into approximately 1 mm thick slices, and vascular luminal areas measured by image analysis. 2. Histamine and 5-HT produced a concentration-dependent constriction in arteries and veins, greater in the latter. KCl constricted arteries and veins equally. 3. The histamine H1 antagonist chlorpheniramine (10(-4) M) abolished contractions to histamine; the H2 antagonist cimetidine enhanced maximal responses and sensitivity of arteries and veins to histamine, and diminished the differences between their maximal responses; the NO synthase inhibitor Nomega-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) increased the maximal responses of arteries and veins, and the differences between their responses; indomethacin had no effect. 4. Contractions to 5-HT were abolished in arteries and markedly reduced in veins by the 5-HT2 antagonist ketanserin (10(-4) M); L-NOARG potentiated the maximal responses of arteries but not of veins; indomethacin increased the maximal responses of arteries but reduced them in veins. 5. By morphometry, arteries had a greater medial thickness and luminal diameter than veins. 6. The data suggest that in guinea-pigs, H2 receptors are responsible for the differential contractile responses of pulmonary arteries and veins to histamine, whereas endothelium-derived vasoactive substances are responsible for their differential contractile responses to 5-HT.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Analysis of HLA-DRB1 allele in patients with chronic bronchitis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the difference in HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies between patients with simple chronic bronchitis and with coal worker's pneumoconiosis (CWP) complicated with chronic bronchitis. METHODS: HLA-DRB1 allele frequencies were measured in 37 patients with simple chronic bronchitis and 33 with CWP complicated with chronic bronchitis of Han ethnicity in Shanxi Province using polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primer, in comparison with those in normal population of the same province. RESULTS: Allele frequency of HLA-DRB1 * 120X was 24.32% in those with simple chronic bronchitis, and that of HLA-DRB1 * 040X was 22.73% in those with CWP complicated with chronic bronchitis, significantly increased than that in normal people with both P < 0.01. There was no significant difference in other alleles between the three groups. CONCLUSION: It suggests that in Han ethnicity of Shanxi Province HLA-DRB1 * 120X allele frequency is associated with simple chronic bronchitis and that of HLA-DRB1 * 040X is associated with CWP complicated with chronic bronchitis.

Alleles↗

PubMed1998

[Effect of glucocorticoid on [Ca2+]i induced by high-K+ in single PC12 cells and its characteristics].

The effect of glucocorticoid on the increase of cytosolic free calcium [Ca2+]i) induced by high-K+ was investigated in pheochomocytoma PC12 cells. The main result was as follows: (1) When the cells were preincubated at 37 degrees C for various time intervals in the presence of 10(-5) mol/L of corticosterone and stimulated with 55 mmol/L KCl, an inhibitory effect of corticosterone on delta [Ca2+]i was observed in a time-dependent manner with maximal effect at 5th min and no effect at 25th min. (2) When PC12 cells were preincubated with various concentration of corticosterone at 37 degrees C for 5 min, the inhibitory effect of corticosterone on delta [Ca2+]i induced by 55 mmol/L KCl was concentration-dependent. The effect was found to be maximal at 10(-5) mol/L of corticosterone and disappeared at 10(-9) mol/L of corticosterone. (3) Other steroids such as cortisol, dexamethasone, progesterone, testosterone, 17 beta-estradiol and aldosterone also inhibited the rise of [Ca2+]i evoked by 55 mmol/L KCl in PC12 cells to different extents, i.e., in the rank of P = F > Dex > T > Ald = E2. Cholesterol was ineffective at the concentration up to 10(-5) mol/L for inhibiting [Ca2+]i evoked by 55 mmol/L KCl. (4) Corticosterone could not inhibit the [Ca2+]i rise induced by changing the concentration of extracellular calcium from Ca(2+)-free to 3 mmol/L.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

[Intracellular Ca2+ distribution and its role in mouse oocytes maturation].

To determine the role of calcium and calmodulin in mouse oocyte maturation, we examined the distribution of intracellular calcium during mouse oocyte maturation by using Mira Cal Imaging System. The calcium was present homogeneously in oocytes with intact germinal vesicle (GV) and accumulated around the nuclear region after GV breakdown(GVBD). The high level of calcium disappeared 6 hours later after GVBD. In the presence of 50 mumol/L BAPTA/AM, we failed to observe this phenomena. All eggs treated with 20 mumol/L W7, an antagonist of calmodulin, 50 mumol/L BAPTA/AM, a calcium chelator, could not develop to metaphase II (MII), although GVBD was not affected. We also detected the activity of a cytoplasmic maturation-promoting factor (MPF). W7 and BAPTA/AM had no effects on the rise of MPF activity in the course of maturation. We suggest that compartment distribution of calcium around nuclear region plays an important role in mouse oocyte maturation.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Human nasal ciliary-beat frequency in normal and chronic sinusitis subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Ciliary-beat frequency (CBF) is an important factor influencing mucociliary flow in the respiratory tract. A significant correlation exists between CBF and mucus transport time (MTT), which suggests that CBF is the main factor in nasal mucociliary clearance in healthy individuals. Mucociliary clearance is influenced by the temperature of the inspired air and decreases at temperatures below 33 degrees C. It is unknown whether CBF varies in different sites within the nasal chamber and exactly how CBF is altered in disease states such as chronic sinusitis (CS) and nasal polyposis (NP). Our study was conducted in an attempt to answer these questions. METHOD: CBF was measured in nasal biopsies from eight normal control subjects: 6 CS and 8 NP patients. Biopsies from the regions of the maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinus ostia were also obtained. The material was analyzed using a computerized image-processing system. RESULTS: Our data demonstrated a significant decrease in CBF at 22 degrees C compared to at 35 degrees C for all sinus biopsies (p < .05). We found no statistical difference between the CBF of biopsies from the regions of the various sinus ostia. A comparison between the patients with CS and normal controls again revealed no significant difference in CBF, a finding which contradicts previously published reports. Surprisingly, an increase in CBF was observed in NP patients compared to control and CS patients (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that our technique is a viable model for studying sinonasal CBF in the human. Our data suggest that a mechanism other than decreased CBF may account for the decreased mucociliary clearance observed in chronic sinusitis.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

The role of magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of peripheral lymphatic disorders.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used in 13 patients with peripheral lymphedema and 2 patients with extensive cavernous lymphangioma of the limb for the purpose of evaluating its role in diagnosis of lymphatic disorders. In chronic lymphedema, MRI showed deformity of lymphatics at different tissue levels. In the subcutis, MRI characteristically displayed diffuse edema or a honeycombed pattern consistent with reticular lymphangiectasis and "lakes" with a marked increase in signal intensity with T2-weighted imaging. In lymphedema hyperplasia and chylous reflux, MRI depicted dilated retroperitoneal lymphatic collectors and lumbar trunks. In cavernous lymphangiomatosis, MRI demonstrated a prominent lattice-like pattern which had lower signal intensity on T1-weighted imaging and higher intensity on T2-weighted imaging. The findings of MRI are valuable not only for accurate assessment of lymphatic dysplasia syndromes but also provide a blueprint for treatment options.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

In vitro bronchial responsiveness in two highly inbred rat strains.

We investigated methacholine (MCh)-induced bronchoconstriction in explanted airways from Fischer and Lewis rats. Lung explants, 0.5- to 1.0-mm thick, were prepared from agarose-inflated lungs of anesthetized 8- to 12-wk-old male rats. After overnight culture, videomicroscopy was used to record baseline images of the individual airways. Dose-response curves to MCh were then constructed by repeated administration of MCh; airways were reimaged 10 min after each MCh administration. Airway internal luminal area (Ai) was measured at successive MCh concentrations from 10(-9) to 10(-1) M. In addition to the effective concentration leading to 50% of the achieved maximal response, we also determined the effective concentration leading to a 40% reduction in Ai. Both the effective concentration leading to 50% of the achieved maximal response and the concentration leading to a 40% reduction in Ai were significantly lower among Fischer rat airways (P < 0.05). Airway closure was more common among Fischer rat airways (17%) than among those of Lewis rats (7.5%). Responsiveness of Fischer rat airways was more heterogeneous than among Lewis airways; a larger number of Fischer rat airways exhibited high sensitivity to MCh. There was no relationship between responsiveness and baseline Ai in either strain. In a second experiment, we measured the rate of contraction of explanted airways from lungs inflated to 50, 75, and 100% of total lung capacity. The average rate of contraction in the first 15 s was higher in Fischer rat airways at each inflation volume. These data indicate that the hyperresponsiveness of the Fischer rat reflects the responsiveness of individual airways throughout the airway tree and are consistent with the notion that in this model hyperresponsiveness is an intrinsic property of airway smooth muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Mucociliary clearance in cystic fibrosis knockout mice infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

In this study, we examined whether mucociliary clearance differed between cystic fibrosis (CF) knockout mice and wildtype controls. Additionally, we investigated whether infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common pathogen in the CF lung, affected this important host defence mechanism. Ciliary beat frequency (fcb) and particle transport (PT) were recorded using an in vitro lung explant preparation. Measurements were made from uninfected cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) knockout (-/-) mice and littermate controls (+/+) and compared to measurements from infected animals. While there were no differences detectable in fcb between CFTR -/- mice and their +/+ controls either in the presence or absence of P. aeruginosa, PT rates were different between these groups; interestingly, PT rates appeared dependent on both CFTR and infection status, with uninfected CFTR +/+ animals demonstrating higher rates of PT than their -/- littermates, while CFTR +/+ P. aeruginosa-infected mice demonstrated lower PT than knockout mice. These data demonstrate differences in mucociliary clearance between cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mice and controls, and further that Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection affects mucociliary clearance in the peripheral airways of mice. Additionally, the observed differences in particle transport suggest that cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator knockout mice demonstrate different mucociliary responses to infection.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

Heterogeneity of responsiveness of individual airways in cultured lung explants.

Several lines of evidence suggest that the responsiveness of the airways is heterogeneous, although the magnitude of this heterogeneity has not been quantified. We have developed a videomicroscopic method that allows the measurements of the responsiveness of individual explanted airways to contractile agonists such as methacholine. Liquid agarose at 37 degrees C is injected into human lung segments to inflate them to a volume equivalent to total lung capacity. The agarose-filled lungs are then gelled by brief refrigeration and 0.5-mm-thick explants prepared by sectioning. The explants are cultured overnight under conventional conditions. Sections with airways cut in cross section are identified and placed on an inverted videomicroscope. Airway lumen area is then measured following administration of methacholine in increasing concentrations, permitting the construction of dose-response curves for each airway segment studied. This system thus lends itself to the study of the heterogeneity of airway responsiveness across the airway tree by permitting the study of distributions of airways. Using this approach, we have observed a very high degree of heterogeneity of responsiveness across the airways of human lungs. In this report, we review these findings and discuss the physiologic implications of heterogeneity.

Bronchi↗

PubMed1996

Effect of nedocromil sodium on allergen-induced airway responses and changes in the quantity of airway smooth muscle in rats.

BACKGROUND: Allergen exposures induce growth of airway smooth muscle in the Brown Norway rat. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to examine the role of mediators associated with the early and late responses in the induction of airway smooth muscle growth. METHODS: Nedocromil sodium was administered to block early and late responses in ovalbumin-sensitized and ovalbumin-challenged rats undergoing single or multiple challenges (5 times at 5-day intervals) with ovalbumin. Airway smooth muscle was quantitated by morphometry on lungs removed 2 days after the final challenge. RESULTS: Nedocromil sodium administered before ovalbumin challenge blocked both the early and late responses. When administered 2 hours after ovalbumin challenge, it also blocked the late response. Rats undergoing challenge with aerosolized ovalbumin five times at 5-day intervals were also treated with nedocromil before (n = 10) or 2 hours after (n = 10) each ovalbumin inhalation, respectively. The quantity of airway smooth muscle standardized for size was greater after ovalbumin challenge (0.069 +/- 0.005) compared with saline controls (0.033 +/- 0.003, p < 0.005). Nedocromil significantly reduced the airway smooth muscle (0.036 +/- 0.003, p < 0.005) when administered before ovalbumin. However, the airway smooth muscle in rats that received nedocromil 2 hours after ovalbumin challenge (0.046 +/- 0.003), although lower than in ovalbumin-challenged rats (p < 0.01), was still significantly higher than in saline-treated rats (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Allergen-induced early responses, late responses, and airway inflammation are antagonized by nedocromil. The mediators of both the early and late responses contribute to allergen-induced airway smooth muscle growth, a process that can be prevented by administration of nedocromil.

Allergens↗

PubMed1995

Computer-aided molecular modeling, synthesis, and biological evaluation of 8-(benzyloxy)-2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinoline as a novel benzodiazepine receptor agonist ligand.

Using computer-aided conformational analysis, based on molecular dynamics simulation, cluster analysis, and Monte Carlo techniques, we have designed and synthesized compounds in which a benzyloxy substituent has been incorporated into a series of pyrazoloquinoline benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) ligands. Earlier studies had shown that the benzyloxy group could act as part of the agonist pharmacophoric determinant in the beta-carboline ring system. Furthermore, the agonist beta-carboline had been correlated with a binding site orientation and volume fit for an agonist 6-phenylimidazobenzodiazepine carboxylate. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the benzyloxy substituent could be used as an agonist pharmacophoric descriptor for the phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one BZR ligands. The results of a determination of GABA shift ratios for the synthetic ligands indicate that 8-(benzyloxy)-2-phenylpyrazolo[4,3-c]quinolin-3-one can be predicted to be an agonist at the BZR.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Mucociliary function in the mouse measured in explanted lung tissue.

To develop a method for the study of mucociliary clearance in small-caliber airways, we investigated ciliary function in an in vitro lung tissue culture technique in mice. Lungs were excised from 45 anesthetized mice [weight 30.9 +/- 6.2 (SD) g] and inflated with 2% liquid agarose at 37 degrees C via the trachea. After cooling to 4 degrees C, the lungs were cut into 0.5- to 1.0-mm thick slices and cultured overnight. Ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was measured in airways cut in cross section using a computerized image processing system. In some experiments, charcoal particle transport (PT) in tangentially cut airways was also measured. Airway diameter ranged from 0.3 to 0.8 mm. In this preparation CBF was stable over a 3-h period and unaffected by minor pH changes. Both CBF and PT exhibited a linear dependency on temperature. CBF and PT were significantly correlated with each other. CBF at 37 degrees C (18.7 +/- 2.93 Hz) was almost twofold higher than values at 22 degrees C (9.74 +/- 3.11 Hz). Isoproterenol increased CBF in a dose-dependent fashion (50% effective concentration of 10(-6.75) M); the effect of isoproterenol could be blocked by propranolol. Administration of forskolin (10 microM) also increased both CBF and PT significantly. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of measuring the major aspects of mucociliary clearance in this system. This approach holds promise as a technique suitable to the investigation of both the small airways of humans and other large animals as well as of airways in murine genetic models of respiratory disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

In vitro allergic bronchoconstriction in the brown Norway rat.

The ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized Brown Norway rat (BN) demonstrates early-response (ER) and late-response (LR) allergic bronchoconstriction. To determine whether these responses could be replicated in vitro, we studied lung explants from 8-wk-old male BN rats (wt: 239 +/- 28 g), of which 19 were sensitized to OA (test) and 16 served as controls. Two weeks after sensitization, the animals' lungs were removed, filled with a 1% (wt/vol) agarose-containing solution at 37 degrees C, and cooled to 4 degrees C. Transverse slices (0.5 to 1.0 mm thick) were cut and cultured overnight. Airways were visualized with an inverted microscope and baseline images were obtained with a video camera. To study the ER, 40 airways from 15 test rats and 29 airways from 10 control rats were challenged with 2 micrograms OA and imaged each minute for 10 min. To study the LR, 40 airways from 12 test rats and 44 airways from 12 control rats were challenged with 2 micrograms OA and imaged each hour for 8 h. The maximal response (MR) for each airway was defined as the percent of airway closure. The ER and LR were both defined as an MR > or = mean + 2 SD of the controls. An ER occurred in 38 of 40 test and 2 of 29 control airways (mean MR: 42 +/- 24% versus 4 +/- 3%, p < 0.001), and was completely blocked by methysergide pretreatment in 13 airways.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Airway Resistance↗