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Biomedical subjects

C G Warren

Publications and source records attributed to C G Warren.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1978

Temperatures in human thighs after hot pack treatment followed by ultrasound.

Temperature distributions were measured in the anterior thigh of human volunteers after preheating with a hot pack followed by ultrasound, a frequently used therapeutic procedure. The skin surface temperature is elevated by this procedure but the highest temperature is still produced at the bone-muscle interface at the end of the treatment session.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Cancer rehabilitation: assessment of need, development, and evaluation of a model of care.

A sample of 805 cancer patients, comparable to but not identical with a national study, was screened to identify: rehabilitation problems encountered at different cancer sites; the need for rehabilitation services; and gaps in the delivery of rehabilitation care. Significant numbers of rehabilitation problems were found that could be improved by rehabilitation care. Psychologic problems were commonly encountered and seemed more severe in patients with physical disabilities; these patients have to make adjustments to both life-threatening disease and to a disabling condition. The findings suggest a need for psychosocial support services on any oncology service; where cancer is associated with significant physical disability, a comprehensive rehabilitation team with psychologic management capability is often needed. Primary barriers to optimal delivery of rehabilitation care are the lack of identification of patient problems and/or lack of appropriate referral by physicians unfamiliar with the concept of rehabilitation. Health care financial support for the patients in the sample came primarily from private insurance, Medicare and Medicaid; financial support from the patient's family held up well even in the advanced stages of the disease. A model of rehabilitation care delivery was established and implemented, with the result being that gaps and barriers to rehabilitation service delivery disappeared rapidly.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1976

Heat and stretch procedures: an evaluation using rat tail tendon.

This study evaluated various methods of applying force to collagenous tissue at various temperatures to produce permanent elongation, using rat tail tendon as the tissue model. A materials testing machine was used to measure the forces applied and the resulting elongation produced by differing procedures. Short-term vigorous stretching and prolonged moderate stretching were compared at 37 C. The effect of heating tissue prior to applying force was evaluated, and the effect of using a prolonged application of low force was demonstrated. The data showed that the low force, long duration procedure was very effective at producing residual elongation. Elevating tissue temperature and maintaining it prior to applying force was found to cause significantly less damage; and finally, the lower loads applied at elevated temperatures for prolonged periods were found to produce significantly greater residual elongation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Ultrasound coupling media: their relative transmissivity.

The relative transmissivities of several commonly used ultrasonic coupling agents were measured to determine if there were significant differences in their effectiveness. Coupling media were evaluated in thin films to simulate clinical use. In order to minimize experimental error in this determination, transmitted energy was measured in the far field of the sonating transducer; the receiving transducer was angled slightly to minimize standing waves; and the sonating chamber was made as anechoic as possible. It was found that there is no practical difference in the transmissivities of the common coupling agents, except that hydrocortisone ointments and creams had lower transmissivities, probably due to microscopically entrapped air. When used as a thin film, absorption of ultrasound in the media was insignificant, and variation in transducer pressure was found to cause differences in energy transmitted greater than those found between the common coupling media. Consequently, it was concluded that coupling media can be chosen primarily on the basis of cost and convenience.

Energy Transfer↗
PubMed1976

Restraining forces in various designs of knee ankle orthoses: their placement and effect on the anatomical knee joint.

A biochemical evaluation was conducted on double upright knee ankle orthoses, which were instrumented with strain gauge transducers to determine the magnitudes of the restraining forces exerted on the leg. Measurements were made on six commonly used designs of orthoses worn by spinal cord injured persons ambulating with a swing-through gait. The measurements were used to determine distribution of forces on the limb as well as their effect on anatomical knee shear. Based on the experimental data, the following basic principles of optimal orthosis design were identified: The forces required to stabilize the knee should be minimized by applying the stabilizing force as close as possible to the knee center, and by maintaining the anatomical knee as straight as possible. When the major portion of the knee stabilizing force is applied below the knee, the shear on the anatomical knee structures is markedly reduced. Further, the stabilizing forces should be well distributed over tolerant areas.

Ankle Joint↗
PubMed1976

Undergraduate education in rehabilitation medicine: trends in curriculum development and the impact on specialty manpower and delivery of service.

One hundred thirteen medical schools which offered full degree programs were identified and surveyed by questionnaires to obtain information which identified the existence, characteristics and involvement of physical medicine or rehabilitation medicine programs. The survey also attempted to identify specific changes which have occurred in undergraduate medical education in rehabilitation medicine since the Commission of Education and Rehabilitation Medicine survey of 1963-64. The results suggest that growth of the programs has not followed the expansion in the number of medical schools nor in the number of students enrolled. The programs have however, improved their administrative standing and involvement in medical schools. The impact on the undergraduate medical student is not satisfactory as judged by elective enrollment and recruiting of residents. Lack of funding was found to be one of the major obstacles to curriculum development, along with a marked shortage of academic physiatrists. The impact of the changes in undergraduate medical school curricula on rehabilitation medicine has produced considerable conjoint teaching in conjunction with a large number of basic science and clinical departments.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1976

Craig-Scott orthosis: a biochemical and functional evaluation.

The Craig-Scott double upright knee ankle orthosis was subjected to a biomechanical evaluation which included analysis of the force interaction with the supported limb and a functional evaluation. The results were compared with data previously determined from biomechanical evaluations of other common orthoses. In the Craig-Scott design, the single application of the knee stabilizing force below the knee concentrates this force in a relatively small bony area, sometimes exceeding tolerance. This might be avoided by using a tibial closure with patellar tendon bearing features. The design was found to produce relatively low anatomic knee shear. In functional aspects such as donning, doffing, transfers and ambulation, the orthosis is essentially equivalent to other double upright designs. The rigidity of the orthosis with only a tibial band closure and a bail connecting the uprights was determined to be adequate. The limited number of bands and closures provides some advantages in reduced donning and doffing time; however, in the absence of posterior closures below the knee, the orthosis had a tendency to slide forward off the leg when transferring. This disadvantage was eliminated by adding a soft posterior closure below the knee, which produced a minimal increase in donning and doffing times.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

Temperature distribution produced in models by three microwave applicators at 433.92 megahertz.

Temperature distributions produced in phantom models by diathermy applicators operating at a frequency of 433.92 MHz, a frequency not approved for diathermy by Federal Communication Commission regulations, and an experimental cooled contact applicator operating at an assigned frequency of 915 MHz were compared. The specially designed direct contact applicator with surface cooling elevated deep muscle temperatures as effectively as the "Rundfeldstrahler" operating at the lower frequency in spite of the better penetration of the energy at the lower frequency. The "Pyrodor" and the "Langfeldstrahler," the largest of the applicators operating at 433.92 MHz, do not appear to offer any advantage over existing diathermy equipment. The highest temperatures produced with these applicators were at the fat-muscle-interface.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1975

Training procedures and biofeedback methods to achieve controlled partial weight bearing: an assessment.

Limiting weight bearing to a prescribed level is clinically desirable when patients use crutches or canes or wear prostheses. Several training methods currently being used in clinical settings were tested. These included the use of bathroom scales, and several more sophisticated feedback systems, to train normal subjects to limit weight bearing on a protected limb to a target load. It was found that such training was of limited value since subjects, during training and after, often exceeded target loads by 50% or more. Any retained learning was found to diminish rapidly on the first and second days after training. Even when using continuous auditory feedback, overshoot of the target load seemed inevitable due to the time lag between auditory perception and motor response, and the rapid rate of loading of the extremity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Stroke: Does rehabilitation affect outcome?

A sample of 114 consecutive stroke admissions to a rehabilitation center was studied statistically to determine functional gains achieved and retained after rehabilitation. In order to provide a measure of function, a functional profile was developed that evaluates seven activities, each according to a five-point scale. It was found that significant gains were achieved which could not be attributed merely to spontaneous recovery. An estimate of the cost benefit ratio showed that the reduced cost resulting from returning patients to the family or to independent living more than paid for the cost of providing rehabilitation services to the whole sample.

Activities of Daily Living↗