Adolescent growth in stature among Sinhalese males: preliminary results of a cross-sectional study.
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Adolescent↗
Biomedical subjects
C Garner
Publications and source records attributed to C Garner.
Advanced training for ambulance crews: implications from 403 consecutive patients with cardiac arrest managed by crews with simple training.
Sixty seven ambulance staff in Nottinghamshire completed a simple extended training programme in managing cardiac arrest and using a defibrillator. This enabled around one third of the ambulance emergency shifts to be manned by such a crew, with a defibrillator as part of their standard equipment. Forty four of 403 consecutive patients who suffered cardiac arrest in the community were managed by these crews and survived to leave hospital. The training programme does not include endotracheal intubation, intravenous infusion, or drug administration. The new official advanced training course for ambulance crews, which includes these skills, is inappropriate in its methods and may delay widespread introduction of emergency ambulances equipped with defibrillators.
Adolescent↗
Nutritional care of the pregnant diabetic woman.
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Blood Glucose↗
Simple training programme for ambulance personnel in the management of cardiac arrest in the community.
The extended training for ambulance personnel in Nottinghamshire includes a period of training in cardiac resuscitation by defibrillation, and defibrillators are now part of the standard equipment of vehicles used on the accident and emergency service. Comparison of recent results with previous attempts in the City of Nottingham to provide a service for out of hospital cardiac arrest has shown that an elementary training course and the provision of defibrillators on emergency vehicles enables the ambulance service to save the lives of a reasonable proportion of those who suffer sudden death in the community. The extended training programme as a whole has proved acceptable to ambulance personnel and we believe that this programme could be the basis for a more widespread introduction of post basic training.
Allied Health Personnel↗
Carbohydrate composition of the second, third and fifth components and factors B and D of human complement.
The carbohydrate composition of the second, third and fifth components of human complement (C2, C3 and C5) and of factors B and D was determined employing gas-chromatographic and mass-spectrometric methods. C2 was found to contain 15.9% carbohydrate composed of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (approximate molar ratio 1:4:9:9:4). N-acetylglucosamine and mannose (approximate molar ratio 1:4), amounting to 1.7% of the mass of the molecule, were the only monosaccharides detected in C3. C5 contained 3.8% carbohydrate composed of galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (approximate molar ratio 2:4:4-5:2). The carbohydrate moiety of B consisted of fucose, galactose, mannose, N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylneuraminate (molar ratio 1:2:3:4:2). The total carbohydrate content of B was estimated at 8.6%. In addition to these monosaccharides, glucose (0.4-0.9%) was also detected in all preparations analysed. Glucose was the only sugar detected in D.
Carbohydrates↗
Cortisol production by dispersed guinea-pig adrenal cells; a specific, sensitive and reproducible response to ACTH....and its fragments.
Naturally occurring steroids and peptide hormones, tested at supraphysiological concentrations, were without effect on basal and human (h) 1-39 ACTH (NIBSC code 74/555, 25 ng/l (5.5 X 10(-12) mol/l] stimulated cortisol production. Further, low concentrations of angiotensin II, N-pro-opiocortin (N terminal fragment 1-76) and gamma-MSH all of which have been reported to synergise with ACTH with regard to cortisol production, were without significant effect alone or in combination with ACTH over the range 2.2 X 10(-13) to 5.5 X 10(-12) mol/l. The activity of h 1-39 was compared with that of the ACTH related peptides 1-24, 1-18, 1-17, 1-16, 1-13-NH2 (alpha MSH), 1-10 and 4-10. The dose responses were parallel and the same maximal cortisol output was observed with all the peptides except the 1-10 fragment. Half maximal stimulation occurred at 3.1 X 10(-12) (1-24), 4.4 X 10(-12) (h 1-39), 1.5 X 10(-11) (1-39), 3.3 X 10(-10) (1-18), 5 X 10(-9) (1-13-NH2), 8 X 10(-9) (1-17), 2 X 10(-7) (1-16) and 1 X 10(-5) (4-10) mol/l respectively. Interference by the above ACTH-derived peptides in cortisol secretion by the cells in response to 5.5 X 10(-12) mol/l h 1-39 ACTH was minimal over the range 5.2 X 10(-12)-2.2 X 10(-6) mol/l. The sensitivity of the adrenal cells to h 1-39 ACTH was such that 2 ng/l (4.4 X 10(-13) mol/l) provoked cortisol secretion over the control (P less than 0.05, n = 17). The coefficient of variation within assay for each dose on the full standard curve (2.2 X 10(-13)-1.1 X 10(-10) mol/l) was less than 10% (n = 6). Half maximal stimulation was given by 14.5 ng/l (3.2 X 10(-12) mol/l). Between control and 1.1 X 10(-10) mol/l ACTH there was a 32 +/- 8 (mean +/- SD, n = 9) fold change in cortisol production.
Adrenal Glands↗
Identification and partial characterization of three low-molecular-weight collagenous polypeptides synthesized by chondrocytes cultured within collagen gels in the absence and in the presence of fibronectin.
Culture of chick-embryo sternal-cartilage chondrocytes within three-dimensional collagen gels promotes the synthesis of three low-molecular-weight collagenous polypeptides. The proportions of these novel collagens synthesized and released into the medium are markedly influenced by the presence or the absence of fibronectin in the serum supplement. Chondrocytes cultured on plastic dishes appear to synthesize only small amounts of these low-molecular-weight species. The three species (designated G, H and J) were characterized with respect to the proportion of [14C]proline incorporated into each polypeptide occurring as hydroxy[14C]proline and with respect to their susceptibilities to bacterial collagenase. On the basis of their electrophoretic mobilities under reducing conditions, the G, H and J polypeptides were calculated to have Mr 59 000, 69 000 and 84 000 respectively. Chymotrypsin digestion converted the G collagen into a species containing polypeptides of Mr 45 000, whereas the H and J polypeptides yielded a single band of Mr 53 000. The H and J polypeptides were found to occur as disulphide-linked aggregates, as was the chymotrypsin-digestion product. Peptide 'mapping' has shown that G, H and J polypeptides show no common identity and are distinct from the known interstitial collagens. Native G collagen was digested by human collagenase to discrete products, whereas H and J chains were not cleaved under identical conditions.
Animals↗
Anti-ischemic effects of an 80-mg tablet of isosorbide dinitrate in sustained-release form before and after 2 weeks treatment with 80 mg once daily or twice daily.
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the anti-ischemic effects of a single 80-mg tablet of isosorbide dinitrate in sustained-release form are attenuated after 2 weeks of twice-daily administration. In order to follow a double-blind protocol with respect to the 12-h interval, we also evaluated, in randomized order, another group of patients receiving the tablets once daily. Parameters for assessment of the anti-ischemic effects were changes in exercise-induced ST-segment depression and the simultaneously recorded left ventricular ejection fraction, as determined by radionuclide ventriculography. The ST-segment depression was measured completely blind; the left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated automatically with a clinically validated software. In the group that received the tablets once daily (n = 10) none of the patients showed any signs of attenuation of the beneficial anti-ischemic effects. However, seven of the 12 patients who received the tablets twice daily demonstrated significant attenuation. Thus, based on analysis of the presently available studies, in order to guarantee maintenance of the anti-ischemic benefits, a once-daily high dose of ISDN in sustained-release form (80 mg or even higher) is recommended.
Coronary Disease↗
Biosynthesis of aromatic compounds: 13C NMR spectroscopy of whole Escherichia coli cells.
13C and 31P NMR spectra of wild-type Escherichia coli showed resonances from metabolic intermediates of glycolysis and ATP formation but no detectable signals from aromatic amino acids. However, tyrosine biosynthesis from D-[l-13C]glucose was observed in cells harboring a feedback-resistant allele of aroF, the gene encoding tyrosine-sensitive 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase [7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase (pyruvate-phosphorylating), EC4.1.2.15], one of the isoenzymes that control carbon flow through the common aromatic biosynthetic pathway. A similar accumulation of tyrosine and phenylalanine is seen in cells carrying a multiple-copy plasmid that carries a wild-type aroF allele in addition to pheA and tyrA, the structural genes for controlling enzymes of the terminal pathways to phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis. These in vivo measurements by a noninvasive probe suggest feedback inhibition as the quantitatively major mechanism controlling carbon flow in the common aromatic compound biosynthetic pathway. In strains accumulating aromatic amino acids, a transient accumulation of trehalose was detected, indicating that previously unknown changes in Escherichia coli metabolism accompany overproduction of aromatic compounds.
3-Deoxy-7-Phosphoheptulonate Synthase↗
An evaluation of some theories of the mechanism of aging.
Two theories of aging are considered in this review. Although there exists substantial experimental evidence in support of the somatic mutation and error catastrophe hypotheses, several experiments have been published which are extremely difficult to reconcile with these models, at least in their simplest forms. These include the observation that biochemical and morphological degenerative changes observed in fibroblasts aged in vitro do not resemble alterations observed in cells obtained from aged donors, and the fact that tissues transplanted serially through different hosts do not decline in vigor in the manner predicted by the somatic mutation theory. Although biochemical and mutational alterations appear to accumulate in fibroblasts aged in vitro (in support of the error catastrophe model), there are substantial problems with the interpretation of such experiments, and some observations (such as the lack of increase in translational error in hemoglboin synthesis as a function of age) seem to argue directly against the error catastrophe theory. Some alternative theoretical and experimental possibilities are discussed, including the concept of programmed aging as the cause of senescence.
Age Factors↗
Susceptibility of "enterobacteria" to aminoglycoside antibiotics: comparisons with tetracyclines, polymyxins, chloramphenicol, and spectinomycin.
Strains of enterobacteria, including common, aerobic, pathogenic gram-negative bacilli, and enterococci were tested for susceptibility to 11 aminoglycoside antibiotics by a twofold agar-dilution method with an inocula replicator. For comparison, similar tests were done with seven tetracycline analogues, two polymyxins, chloramphenicol, and spectinomycin. Tobramycin compared favorably with the more active aminoglycosides, with some exceptions related to individual strains of species. The tetracyclines and chloramphenicol were generally less active than the more active aminoglycosides. The polymyxins were as active or more active against most species of gram-negative rods but were essentially inactive against Proteus, Providencia, and many strains of Enterobacter.
Acinetobacter↗
Susceptibility of "enterobacteria" to penicillins, cephalosporins, lincomycins, erythromycin, and rifampin.
Agar dilution tests for susceptibility of gram-negative rods and enterococci were done with a number of penicillins, cephalosporins, lincomycin analogues, erythromycin, and rifampin. Many in the first three categories were investigational drugs. All were generally less active than aminoglycoside and tetracycline antibiotics against gram-negative rods and more active against enterococci. Cephalosporins as a group were more active than penicillins against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli and less active enterococci. Both groups were equally active against Enterobacter, Proteus, and Providencia but inactive against most strains of Serratia and all strains of Pseudomonas; however, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-1654 were active against most strains of Pseudomonas. Penicillins and cephalosporins were more active against Proteus mirabilis than against indole-positive Proteus. Lincomycins had little or no activity against gram-negative rods but were moderately active against enterococci. Erythromycin was more active than the lincomycins, but rifampin was much more active than either of these types of drug. Of the penicillins, ticarcillin, carbenicillin, and BL-P1654 were the most active against gram-negative rods, whereas BL-P1654, amoxicillin, and ampicillin were the most active against enterococci. The penicillinase-resistant penicillins, cyclacillin, and penicillin V were essentially inactive against gram-negative rods. Of the cephalosporins tested, cephanone and cefamandole were the most active against most gram-negative rods, whereas cephaloridine and cephacetrile were the most active against enterococci. The least active of the cephalosporins against most species were cephradine, cephalexin, and cephapirin, but cefoxitin was the least active against enterococci.
Acinetobacter↗
Susceptibility of recently isolated bacteria to amikacin in vitro: comparisons with four other aminoglycoside antibiotics.
In vitro tests for susceptibility to amikacin and to four other aminoglycoside antibiotics were carried out with strains of many bacterial species by use of an agar dilution method and an inocula replicator. In general, amikacin was as active as or more active against most of the organims than kanamycin, neomycin, and streptomycin; in particular, amikacin was active against strains resistant to one or more of these three antibiotics. Amikacin was more active than gentamicin against strains of Nocardia asteroides and Providencia stuartii and also against gentamicin-resistant strains of some other gram-negative bacilli, notably Serratia marcescens. However, gentamicin was more active than amikacin against most of the other gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria that were tested. In comparative tests of four media, minimal inhibitory concentrations MICs) were greater in tests with Mueller-Hinton agar, and generally somewhat lower in those with heart infusion agar, than in tests with trypticase soy agar and nutrient agar. Inocula of a 1:1,000 dilution of culture generally gave MICs lower than those obtained with undiluted cultures; the differences were small with enterococci, but they were greater with amikacin than with gentamicin in tests on strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae. These findings generally confirm those previously reported by others.
Amikacin↗
Susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to 65 antibacterial agents.
Tests for susceptibility of 29 group A, 4 group C, and 2 group G strains of beta-hemolytic streptococci to 63 antibiotics and to trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, singly and combined in a ratio of 1:16, were carried out in vitro. All strains tested were moderately or highly susceptible to all the antibiotics used except those belonging to the aminoglycoside and polymyxin groups. A few were also resistant to the tetracyclines and to sulfamethoxazole alone. Comparisons with results obtained in previous years indicate that, except for the tetracyclines and sulfonamides, there has been no change in the susceptibility of beta-hemolytic streptococci to the most important and useful antibiotics, particularly penicillin.
Aminoglycosides↗
Susceptibility of pneumococci and Haemophilus influenzae to antibacterial agents.
Strains of Diplococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were tested for susceptibility to numerous antibiotics by a twofold agar dilution method using an inocula replicator. Undiluted, fully grown broth cultures were used as inocula for both species, and cultures of pneumococci diluted 1:1,000 were also tested. The antibiotics included most of those in common use in the United States as well as some chemical modifications recently approved and others that are under investigation. The most striking aspect of the results was the marked susceptibility of the pneumococci to all the antibiotics tested except the polymyxins and most of the aminoglycoside antibiotics, although some new aminoglycosides were active in quite low concentrations. Some of the strains of pneumococci were of decreased susceptibility to penicillin G (minimal inhibitory concentrations, 0.2 to 0.4 mug/ml), but none were tetracycline resistant, although such strains had been reported previously from this laboratory. The strains of H. influenzae, which were all serologically nontypable, exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to the groups of antibiotics and to the individual chemically related ones. None of these strains (isolated early in 1972) were ampicillin resistant. The most active agents against H. influenzae were: carbenicillin and ampicillin, analogues related to each of them, rifampin, chloramphenicol, and the polymyxins. However, the tetracycline analogues other than tetracycline, some aminoglycosides, notably tobramycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, and verdamicin, erythromycin, and some new lincomycin analogues were also active in low concentrations. Trimethoprim alone was highly active, and in combination with sulfamethoxazole it was even more active and synergistic against strains of both D. pneumoniae and H. influenzae.
Aminoglycosides↗
Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis to 65 antibiotics.
The susceptibilities of 36 recent isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and 35 recent isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were determined against each of 65 antimicrobial agents and against two of them in combination. Rifampin was the most active of all the agents tested against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Among the penicillins, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and nafcillin were most active, although benzylpenicillin and phenoxymethyl penicillin were more active against susceptible strains. Cephaloridine was the most active of the cephalosporins, and sisomicin was the most active aminoglycoside. Minocycline was more active than the other tetracycline analogues tested. Among the macrolide-lincomycin compounds in clinical use, clindamycin was more active, and lincomycin was less active than erythromycin. The synergy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was more striking against S. aureus than against S. epidermidis. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations of the penicillins, cephalosporins, and aminoglycosides were lower against S. aureus, whereas the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the tetracyclines were lower against S. epidermidis.
Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to 66 antibacterial agents in vitro.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Disk diffusion and serial dilution tests of susceptibility of some pathogenic gram-negative bacilli and enterococci to carbenicillin and ampicillin.
Tests for susceptibility to ampicillin and carbenicillin were performed with 35 strains each of Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, and Proteus, 71 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 68 strains of enterococci by serial dilution and disk-diffusion tests employing 10(-3) dilutions of overnight cultures as inocula for both. Commercial 10-mug ampicillin and 50- and 100-mug carbenicillin disks, and freshly prepared 10-, 50-, and 75-mug ampicillin and 10- and 50-mug carbenicillin disks were used. Results were displayed as cumulative distribution curves for both minimal inhibitory concentrations and zone diameters, and as scattergrams for correlating them. Differences in susceptibility to the two antibiotics were small for Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Serratia and large for the others. The freshly prepared and commercial disks of the same content gave comparable zones. There was good correlation of zone diameter with each disk and the minimal inhibitory concentration. Among the ampicillin disks tested, none was useful for Pseudomonas; with the other species, the 10-mug disk, as well as those with higher ampicillin content, could discriminate susceptible from resistant strains. However, only the 75-mug disk selected some Klebsiella strains susceptible to high concentrations. The 50- and 100-mug carbenicillin disks were equally discriminating for most strains, but the higher concentration was more selective for Klebsiella. The 10-mug carbenicillin disk was as effective as the 50- and 100-mug disks for discriminating among Enterobacter, Serratia, Pseudomonas, and Proteus, but not for Klebsiella or enterococci. The 10(-3) inoculum gave zone sizes considerably larger than those reported by other workers who used the standard Kirby-Bauer method.
Ampicillin↗