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Biomedical subjects

C Hagberg

Publications and source records attributed to C Hagberg.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

The incidence of class "zero" airway and the impact of Mallampati score, age, sex, and body mass index on prediction of laryngoscopy grade.

IMPLICATIONS: In an earlier study we proposed the addition of a new airway class, zero (visualization of the epiglottis), to the four classes of the modified Mallampati classification. In this prospective study, 764 surgical patients were assessed with regard to their airway class (including class zero), laryngoscopy grade, and the effect of the airway class and other predictors on the laryngoscopy grade.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Etiology and incidence of endotracheal intubation following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of spinal failure necessitating general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section is extremely low. Aspiration prophylaxis prior to spinal anesthesia is often recommended in case of spinal failure or excessive spinal block requiring the emergency administration of general anesthesia. OBJECTIVES: To determine the incidence of endotracheal intubation following spinal anesthesia for cesarean section. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the peri-operative course of parturients undergoing cesarean section under spinal anesthesia at our institution from February 1991 to December 1993. If spinal failure occurred, 10 ml of sodium bicarbonate was administered by mouth prior to induction of general anesthesia. RESULTS: Among the 743 cases that we reviewed, spinal failure occurred in 15 patients (2%) because of inadequate analgesia in 14 patients (1.9%) and unexpected prolonged surgery for hysterectomy in one patient (0.1%). No patient required intubation due to excessive spinal block. In none of the patients was a record of pulmonary aspiration identified. CONCLUSIONS: The extremely low incidence of spinal failure or excessive block necessitating endotracheal intubation suggests that routine aspiration prophylaxis may not be necessary prior to spinal anesthesia. However, these results should be confirmed by a prospective, controlled study on larger populations. An antacid should be readily available and administered whenever general anesthesia is required.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Linkage analysis of candidate regions in Swedish nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate families.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze linkage of five candidate regions for nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without palate (CLP) on chromosome 2p13, 4q, 6p23, and 19q13; in addition chromosome 1q32, the locus for van der Woude syndrome, on Swedish CLP families. DESIGN: Three to five linked microsatellite markers were selected from each candidate region. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with fluorescent-labeled microsatellite markers was performed on DNA samples from the participating families. Electrophoresis of the PCR products was performed on a laser-fluorescent DNA sequencer. The genotype data were analyzed with multipoint linkage analysis. Modes of inheritance tested included two autosomal dominant, an autosomal recessive, and a nonparametric model. Multipoint logarithm of odds (LOD) scores were also calculated by assuming genetic heterogeneity. PARTICIPANTS: Nineteen Swedish multigenerational families with at least two first-degree relatives affected with CLP. Greater than 50% of the families studied show vertical transmission of the clefting phenotype and both inter- and intrafamilial variability were noted. RESULTS: Cumulative multipoint LOD scores for the whole group of families calculated under autosomal dominant modes of inheritance were negative in all regions and less than -2 except chromosome 6p23. LOD scores calculated under recessive inheritance and the nonparametric model were inconclusive. There was no significant evidence of genetic heterogeneity among the sample group. CONCLUSIONS: The group of Swedish CLP families did not demonstrate significant linkage to any of the five candidate regions examined. This might suggest a new but yet unknown CLP locus or loci in this family group. However, because linkage could not be excluded in some individual families, they should still be tested with candidate genes from these regions.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1999

Clinical and genetic studies of Van der Woude syndrome in Sweden.

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder characterized by pits of the lower lip, hypodontia and cleft lip and/or cleft palate. It has been reported as the most common form of syndromic orofacial clefting with very high penetrance and varied expressivity. The disease locus for VWS has been mapped to chomosome 1q32, but the gene is yet to be cloned. Here we report a total of 11 Swedish VWS patients: 9 familial cases from two families and two isolated cases. Clinical examination of these patients showed phenotypic variability, even between patients from the same family. Genetic studies were performed using four microsatellite markers from chromosome 1q32. Constitutional deletion in this region was not demonstrated in any of the familial or isolated cases. However, in the two VWS families, linkage analysis using these markers showed positive LOD (logarithm of the odds) scores ranging from 2.56 to 2.88 to all individual markers. The highest LOD score of 3.75 was obtained with the combined haplotypes of D1S491 and D1S205, thus confirming linkage of VWS in these two families to 1q32. We conclude that there is varied expressivity but no evidence of genetic heterogeneity in VWS.

Anodontia↗
PubMed1998

Incidence of cleft lip and palate and risks of additional malformations.

OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: Children with cleft lip and/or palate (n = 251) born between 1991 and 1995 in the county of Stockholm, Sweden, were studied with reference to incidence and rate ratios (RRs) of different types of clefts, gender, birth weight, mother's age, and length of pregnancy. Children who had clefts and additional malformations were compared with children who had clefts but no additional malformations. RESULTS: The incidence of clefts was 2.0/1000 live births, and it was higher among males than among females. The RR, an index of relative risk, was 1.58. The main groups, children with isolated cleft lip, children with cleft lip and palate, and children with isolated cleft palate, showed similar incidence values (0.6-0.7/1000 live births). Children with bilateral clefts had an incidence of 0.3/1000 live births. Additional malformations were found in approximately every sixth newborn with a cleft when children with Robin sequence were excluded. There was a tendency for newborns with bilateral clefts to have additional malformations (RR = 1.36; confidence interval = 0.74-2.49). Children with clefts and additional malformations had lower birth weight and were born earlier than children with clefts only. CONCLUSION: Preterm cleft children with low birth weight should be screened for the presence of other birth defects.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The alignment of permanent mandibular incisors in children. A longitudinal prospective study.

The aim was to study the alignment of mandibular incisors before and after eruption of the canines, and if possible to find a method of predicting space deficiency. Fifty-three children with normal occlusion or untreated mild post-normal occlusion had plaster models taken at 7, 9, 10, and 13 years of age. An estimation of the space situation for the mandibular incisors was made using a scale with five levels. Measurements of intercanine distance, width of each incisor and space available between the canines were made. Greater crowding was seen before the eruption of permanent canines than after the start of eruption. Estimation of space showed significant correlations to measurements of inter-canine distance. Children with an excess of incisal space had a wider mandibular inter-canine distance compared with those with a deficiency of space. Among 7-, 9-, and 10-year-old children an inter-canine distance of less than 26 mm was associated with crowding. A distance of 28 mm or more was estimated as no risk for crowding.

Child↗
PubMed1994

Musculoskeletal symptoms and psychosocial factors among patients with craniomandibular disorders.

General musculoskeletal symptoms and emotional stress situations in terms of psychosocial stressors at work and sleeping disturbances were compared between patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMD) (56 women, 24 men) and a random population sample (88 men, 86 women in the Stockholm Music 1 study). A multiple-choice questionnaire was used. In comparison with the CMD men the CMD women had an increased rate of tooth clenching and muscular pain in the face. When compared with the women in the population sample, the CMD women showed increased risks for musculoskeletal pain in various parts of the body, such as neck, shoulders, thoracic back, wrist/hands, and the knees. A comparison between the CMD men and the men in the population did not show any clear differences in prevalence of general musculoskeletal symptoms. However, the CMD men differed in reporting higher scores for psychologic demands at work and also in having more sleeping disturbances.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

The longitudinal development of malocclusion in postnormal children with little respectively urgent need for orthodontic treatment.

The development of overjet, overbite and first molar relationship was followed longitudinally in 30 children with Class II malocclusion. They received no orthodontic treatment during the 7-year registration period. Models were taken each year between 7 and 14 years of age. The need for orthodontic treatment was defined using a 4-grade treatment priority index issued by the National Swedish Board of Health. The postnormal children were classified into two groups according to the need for treatment at the time when the first model was taken (age 7). The "treatment index 1" group (= group 1) consisted of 18 mild postnormal cases with little need for treatment. The "treatment index 3" group (= group 3) consisted of 12 cases with urgent need for treatment according to the priority index. All cases were Class II:division 1 with proclined incisors. For group 1 a significant increase in overjet and overbite was found over years. No uniform pattern in the longitudinal development of overjet and overbite was found for group 3. No clear changes in the first molar relationship in either group were found. Interceptive treatment in the mixed dentition is suggested favourable in postnormal cases, even when the malocclusion initially is mild in order to avoid an increase in overjet and overbite.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Shear bond strength of ceramic brackets with chemical or mechanical retention.

The study was undertaken to measure and compare the shear bond strengths of a ceramic bracket with chemical retention, a ceramic bracket with a new type of textured base providing mechanical retention, and a metal bracket with foil-mesh base. The tests were performed on 51 extracted human premolars which were randomly divided into three equally large groups (n = 17)--one group for each type of bracket. After debonding, the site of failure was noted and the enamel surface inspected with scanning electron microscopy. The ceramic bracket with chemical retention exhibited significantly higher bond strength than the corresponding bracket with textured base. In comparison with the metal bracket significantly higher bond strengths were recorded for both types of ceramic brackets. The ceramic bracket with mechanical retention and the metal bracket were comparable as regards the site of bond failure. In some cases the chemical bond provided very high values of bond strength. Enamel failure were recorded in three teeth which had been bonded with this type of ceramic bracket.

Acid Etching, Dental↗
PubMed1991

General musculoskeletal complaints in a group of patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMD). A case control study.

In a cross sectional study 30 patients with craniomandibular disorders (CMD) and 30 controls were screened for general musculoskeletal complaints. A questionnaire was used to mark the sites of the body that were painful and assessments of pain intensities in the neck, shoulders and the jaws were registered. "Pain tolerance" was clinically measured with cutaneous electrical stimulation over the masseter areas. The CMD patients had a significantly higher number of painful sites on the body than the controls. They showed significantly increased "relative risks" of having musculoskeletal pain especially in the upper neck, the shoulder and lower neck region, the shoulder joint and the thoracic back. Discomfort and pain rating values for the neck and shoulders were significantly higher for CMD patients than for controls. The measurements of "pain tolerance" did not differ between groups. However, an individual variation was found among the CMD patients. Those who had pain in many different parts of the body were the least tolerant of experimentally induced pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Changes in maximum bite force related to extension of the head.

The maximum bite force and position of the hyoid bone during natural and extended head posture were studied in 15 adults. All participants had normal occlusions and full dentitions. In addition, there were no signs or symptoms of craniomandibular disorders. The bite force was measured with a bite force sensor placed between the first molars. Six registrations of gradually increasing bite force up to a maximum were made with randomized natural and extended head postures. With one exception, the mean maximum bite force value was found to be higher for every subject with extended head posture compared to natural head posture. The sample mean was 271.6 Newton in natural head posture and 321.5 Newton with 20 degrees extension. With changed head posture, the cephalometric measurements pointed towards a changed position of the hyoid bone in relation to the mandible and pharyngeal airway. The cephalometric changes in the position of the hyoid bone could be due to a changed interplay between the elevator and depressor muscle groups. This was one factor which could have influenced the registered maximum bite force.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Perception of cutaneous electrical stimulation in patients with craniomandibular disorders.

Perception thresholds for stimulation, discomfort, and pain were measured with electrical stimulation over the masseter area. Patients with chronic symptoms and signs of craniomandibular disorders reported significantly higher thresholds of all three variables compared with healthy controls. There were significantly negative correlations between the patients' pre-experimental discomfort and pain ratings on the Borg's scale and perception thresholds measured for discomfort and pain. The patients who presented the highest pain ratings in masticatory muscles and/or joints had the lowest threshold values when reporting discomfort and pain during gradually increased current intensity. This could be due to the cognitive effects of pain.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Surface EMG amplitude and frequency dependence on exerted force for the upper trapezius muscle: a comparison between right and left sides.

Surface electromyographic (EMG) amplitude and mean power frequency (MPF) were used to study the isometric muscular activity of the right versus the left upper trapezius muscles in 14 healthy right-handed women. The EMG activity was recorded simultaneously with force signals during a 10-15 s gradually increasing exertion of force, up to maximal force. Only one side at a time was tested. On both sides there was a significant increase in EMG amplitude (microV) during the gradually increasing force from 0% to 100% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC). The right trapezius muscle showed significantly less steep slopes for regression of EMG amplitude versus force at low force levels (0%-40% MVC) compared intra-individually with high force levels (60%-100% MVC). This was not found for the left trapezius muscle. At 40% MVC a significantly lower MPF value was found for the right trapezius muscle intra-individually compared with the left. An increase in MPF between 5% and 40% MVC was statistically significant when both sides were included in the test. The differences in EMG activity between the two sides at low force levels could be due to more slow-twitch (type I fibres) motor unit activity in the right trapezius muscles. It is suggested that this is related to right-handed activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Muscular tenderness evaluated by surface EMG frequency analysis of isometric contractions.

Myoelectric power spectrum analysis was used to compare muscular activity in the masseter and anterior temporal muscles between patients with tender masseter muscles and healthy controls. Surface EMG was recorded for 28 patients and nine controls while they were biting on a bite force transducer during a period of 10-15 s up to maximal effort (100% MVC). The mean frequency (MF) was calculated as a single estimate of the myoelectric power spectrum. Regression analyses of MF's for the masseter muscles versus the force level 0-60% MVC showed significantly less steep slopes of regression for the patients compared interindividually with the controls. As regards the anterior temporal muscles there was no significant difference between groups. One explanation for the difference in MF's for the masseter muscles between patients and controls is that the patients suffered an inhibition or difficulty in recruiting motor units. Different firing rate properties for motor units at high force levels (60-100% MVC) could be one reason for a significantly smaller decrease in MF for the patients' elevator muscles than for the controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Changes in the surface electromyogram during increasing isometric shoulder forward flexions.

When using electromyographic techniques in the evaluation of muscular load it is necessary to determine the mathematical relationship between the torque and the amplitude of the electromyographic signal. Isometric gradually increasing contractions up to 100% MVC can then be used. Often more than linear increases for the amplitude (RMS)--force regression have been reported. The present study was designed to test whether changes in power spectral density function take place during a gradually increasing isometric contraction (duration 10 s). Twenty-two clinically healthy females performed an increasing isometric shoulder forward flexion for 10 s using an isokinetic dynamometer. Electromyographic activity was measured in trapezius, deltoid, infraspinatus and biceps brachii using surface electrodes. Mean torque values were determined together with mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean square values (RMS) from the EMG signals for each 256 ms period. The RMS-torque regressions showed higher regression coefficients during the 6th to 9th sec than during the first 5 s. No significant correlation existed between MPF for the four muscles and the torque. A gradual decrease in MPF was generally found from the 6th s. It is concluded that this decrease in power spectral density function might have contributed to the significantly higher regression coefficient for the RMS torque regression at the high output part of the gradually increasing isometric contraction.

Adult↗