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Biomedical subjects

C Hammen

Publications and source records attributed to C Hammen.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Parental anxiety disorders, child anxiety disorders, and the perceived parent-child relationship in an Australian high-risk sample.

This study was designed to explore the role of perceived parenting behavior in the relationship between parent and offspring anxiety disorders in a high-risk sample of adolescents. We examined the relationship between parental and child anxiety disorders and tested whether perceived parenting behavior acted as a mediator between these variables. Analyses were performed on a high-risk sample of 816 fifteen-year-olds drawn from a birth cohort in Queensland, Australia. Parental depression and income were covaried. Maternal anxiety disorder significantly predicted the presence of anxiety disorders in children; the association between paternal anxiety disorder and child anxiety disorder was not significant. There was no evidence that perceived parenting played a mediating role in the association between mother and child anxiety disorders. These results replicate earlier studies' findings of elevated rates of anxiety disorders among the offspring of anxious parents, but only when the child's mother is the anxious parent.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Depressed adolescents of depressed and nondepressed mothers: tests of an interpersonal impairment hypothesis.

Two groups of depressed youngsters were compared. From an interpersonal perspective, it was hypothesized that depressed adolescents of depressed mothers would have significantly more interpersonal dysfunction than depressed youngsters of nondepressed mothers. In a large community sample of youth and their families, 65 depressed offspring of women with histories of a major depressive episode or dysthymia were compared with 45 depressed offspring of never-depressed women. As predicted, after controlling for current symptoms and family social status variables, depressed offspring of depressed mothers displayed significantly more negative interpersonal behaviors and cognitions compared with depressed offspring of nondepressed mothers, but they did not differ on academic performance. Implications concerning mechanisms, course, and consequences of different forms of adolescent depression are presented.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Toward an interpersonal life-stress model of depression: the developmental context of stress generation.

The validity of a developmentally based life-stress model of depression was evaluated in 88 clinic-referred youngsters. The model focused on (a) the role of child-environment transactions, (b) the specificity of stress-psychopathology relations, and (c) the consideration of both episodic and chronic stress. Semistructured diagnostic and life-stress interviews were administered to youngsters and their parents. As predicted, in the total sample child depression was associated with interpersonal episodic and chronic stress, whereas externalizing disorder was associated with noninterpersonal episodic and chronic stress. However, the pattern of results differed somewhat in boys and girls. Youngsters with comorbid depression and externalizing disorder tended to experience the highest stress levels. Support was obtained for a stress-generation model of depression, wherein children precipitate stressful events and circumstances. In fact, stress that was in part dependent on children's contribution distinguished best among diagnostic groups, whereas independent stress had little discriminative power. Results suggest that life-stress research may benefit from the application of transactional models of developmental psychopathology, which consider how children participate in the construction of stressful environments.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Chronicity, severity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms: relationships with child outcomes at age 5.

The relationships between severity, chronicity, and timing of maternal depressive symptoms and child outcomes were examined in a cohort of 4,953 children. Mothers provided self-reports of depressive symptoms during pregnancy, immediately postpartum, and when the child was 6 months old and 5 years old. At the age 5 follow-up, mothers reported on children's behavior and children completed a receptive vocabulary test. Results suggest that both the severity and the chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms are related to more behavior problems and lower vocabulary scores in children. The interaction of severity and chronicity of maternal depressive symptoms was significantly related to higher levels of child behavior problems. Timing of maternal symptoms was not significantly related to child vocabulary scores, but more recent reports of maternal depressive symptoms were associated with higher rates of child behavior problems.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of work adjustment in bipolar I patients: a naturalistic longitudinal follow-up.

This study explored the clinical and psychosocial predictors of work adjustment in 52 Bipolar I patients over a 2-year longitudinal period and examined associations between work functioning and social relationships, personality features, stressful life events, and clinical variables. Analyses indicated that psychosocial variables (personality disorder symptoms and social functioning) added significantly to prediction of work functioning after clinical variables were entered. Stressful life events were not associated with work adjustment. Overall, presence of a good quality supportive relationship was the strongest unique predictor of work. The results highlight the need to study functional outcomes in patients, especially because they appear only modestly associated with clinical status.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed2000

Relationship between depression and substance use disorders in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the continuity of substance use disorder (SUD) in adolescent women during the transition to adulthood and to assess psychosocial functioning associated with SUD. Furthermore, to examine concurrent and longitudinal relationships' between major depressive disorder (MDD) and SUD during this developmental transition. METHOD: One hundred fifty-five women, aged 17 to 19 years, were recruited from 3 high schools and were followed annually for 5 years. Comprehensive diagnostic and psychosocial assessments were performed with standardized instruments. The primary outcome measures included MDD and SUD during follow-up in those with and without a prior history of MDD or SUD, and psychosocial functioning associated with SUD. RESULTS: The 5-year incidence of SUD was 9.6% and, by the end of follow-up, 18.7% had a lifetime episode. Prior SUD significantly increased the risk for SUD diagnosis during the study. Co-occurrence of MDD and SUD was high during adolescent and early adult years, with episodes of both disorders occurring in close temporal proximity. SUD also predicted MDD over time, but the reverse was not true. After controlling for the effects of MDD on social adjustment, SUD was associated with significant impairment in school functioning. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the risk for new onset and recurrence of SUD is high during the developmental transition to adulthood. SUD during this developmental period is associated with significant school-related problems. The findings also suggest that SUD and MDD frequently co-occur during the post-high school transition in women. Given the significant psychosocial dysfunction associated with these illnesses, early detection of these problems and effective intervention are crucial.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Gender and bipolar illness.

BACKGROUND: For major depression and schizophrenia, gender differences have been reported in symptom expression and course of illness. Gender differences in bipolar disorder are becoming increasingly apparent, but have been less studied. Research data on these differences will help determine whether gender is important in influencing illness variables such as course, symptom expression, and likelihood of comorbidity. METHOD: Charts of 131 patients (63 women and 68 men) with a DSM-IV diagnosis of bipolar disorder admitted to the University of California Los Angeles Mood Disorders Program over a 3-year period were reviewed to gather data on demographic variables and course of illness and to assess differences in the illness across genders. RESULTS: No significant gender differences were found in the rate of bipolar I or bipolar II diagnoses, although women were overrepresented in the latter category. Also, no significant gender differences emerged in age at onset, number of depressive or manic episodes, and number of hospitalizations for depression. Women, however, had been hospitalized significantly more often than men for mania. Further, whereas bipolar men were significantly more likely than bipolar women to have a comorbid substance use disorder, women with bipolar disorder had 4 times the rate of alcohol use disorders and 7 times the rate of other substance use disorders than reported in women from community-derived samples. CONCLUSION: For bipolar disorder, course of illness variables such as age at onset and number of affective episodes of each polarity do not seem to differ across genders. Women, however, may be more likely than men to be hospitalized for manic episodes. While both men and women with the illness have high rates of comorbidity with alcohol and other substance use disorders, women with bipolar disorder are at a particularly high risk for comorbidity with these conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Predictors of first onset and recurrence of major depression in young women during the 5 years following high school graduation.

Although most depressive episodes in adulthood are recurrences of the disorder, lifetime history of major depression (MD) is often neglected in predictive models. On the basis of research and theory suggesting differential prediction of MD across the course of the disorder, the authors explored whether factors that predict a first MD onset would not predict MD recurrence. Predictors of MD were examined longitudinally in a sample of 128 young women followed for 5 years. Controlling for lifetime MD history, 5-year MD was predicted by the presence before study entry of 3 variables: having witnessed family violence before age 16, having a parent with a psychiatric disorder, and having a nonmood Axis I disorder. During the follow-up period, chronic and episodic stress predicted MD. Prior lifetime MD interacted with both chronic stress and parental psychopathology to predict MD, such that first onsets, but not recurrences, were predicted by these risk variables.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Depression and sensitization to stressors among young women as a function of childhood adversity.

The authors tested a stress-sensitization version of a diathesis-stress approach to depression. In a 2-year longitudinal follow-up design, exposure to stressful life events was examined in young women in the transition to adulthood. The authors hypothesized that those who had experienced one or more significant childhood adversities would have a lower threshold for developing a depressive reaction to stressors. Results indicated that women with exposure to one or more childhood adversities--such as family violence, parent psychopathology or alcoholism, and others--were more likely to become depressed following less total stress than women without such adversity. The results could not be accounted for by chronic stress or prior depression. Both biological and psychological sensitization mechanisms may be speculated to play a role, but the actual mechanisms of stress sensitization remain to be explored.

Adjustment Disorders↗
PubMed1999

The context of depression in clinic-referred youth: neglected areas in treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To review the empirical, methodological, and conceptual limitations of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for childhood and adolescent depression and to present descriptive data on key characteristics of a depressed sample to illustrate gaps in treatment. METHOD: Interview-based assessment of psychiatric features and psychosocial functioning, family psychopathology and marital adjustment, and child and parent stressful life events was performed in a sample of 43 depressed youngsters seeking outpatient treatment. RESULTS: The empirical and conceptual review indicated that treatments based on downward extensions of adult procedures are limited in number and success. Also, the treatments generally neglect the following characteristics revealed in the descriptive data: depressed youngsters have high rates of recurrent depression and comorbid conditions, impaired academic and social functioning, exposure to high rates of parental psychopathology, parental assortative mating, severe marital dysfunction, and high rates of severe stressors. CONCLUSIONS: Treatments need to be informed by and address the actual characteristics of depressed youngsters and their environments, which are highly dysfunctional.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Continuity of depression during the transition to adulthood: a 5-year longitudinal study of young women.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the clinical course and psychosocial correlates of unipolar depression in late adolescent women and to examine the continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to early adulthood during the post-high school transition. METHOD: One hundred fifty-five women aged 17 or 18 years were recruited from 3 local public high schools and were followed at yearly intervals for 5 years for clinical and psychosocial outcomes. RESULTS: The 5-year incidence of first major depressive episode was 36.9%, and overall, 47% of the women had one or more episodes of major depression. Risk for recurrence was substantial, and those with onsets prior to the study were more likely to have depressive episodes during the post-high school period. The presence of nonaffective disorder also increased the risk for depression. Young women with major depression during the post-high school transition had more negative functional outcomes in school and intimate romantic relationships. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that there is substantial continuity in affective disturbance from adolescence to adulthood. The risk for both new onset of depression and recurrence is remarkably high during late adolescence, and the risk continues throughout early adult years, accompanied by notable interpersonal dysfunction.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Depression and Axis II symptomatology in an adolescent community sample: concurrent and longitudinal associations.

The relationship between personality pathology and depression has been the focus of increasing attention, but few investigators have examined this issue prospectively or in adolescent community samples. The present study used both self report and interviewer assessments of personality disorder symptomatology and depression in a sample of 155 late adolescent women followed over three years. Personality pathology cluster and total scores demonstrated moderate to fairly high degrees of stability, indicating endurance of these traits in late adolescence. As predicted, Axis II symptoms were associated with concurrent depressive symptomatology. Overall, self-reported personality disorder symptoms, as well as those specifically in Clusters A and B, predicted interviewer-rated depression over two years beyond the contribution of initial depression, indicating that subclinical Axis II symptoms are a risk factor for subsequent depressive symptomatology.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Axis II symptomatology, depression, and life stress during the transition from adolescence to adulthood.

This study examined 2 models of the relationship between personality disorder symptomatology and depression, incorporating life stress as an intervening variable. In a community sample of late adolescent women, symptoms of Cluster B disorders predicted interpersonal chronic stress and self-generated episodic stress over 2 years, controlling for initial depression. Cluster A symptoms also predicted subsequent chronic interpersonal stress, over initial depression. Cluster C pathology did not predict subsequent stress. Personality disorder symptomatology was also associated with partner-reported relationship dissatisfaction. Support was found for a mediation model whereby women with higher levels of initial personality disturbance in Clusters A and B generated excessive amounts of episodic stress and interpersonal chronic stress in the next 2 years, which, in turn, increased vulnerability for depressive symptoms. A moderation model, whereby the presence of greater personality disorder symptoms would increase the likelihood of depression in response to stress, was not supported.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The relationship between attachment cognitions and psychological adjustment in late adolescent women.

This longitudinal study of 137 female high school seniors investigated the relationship of attachment cognitions, current psychological functioning, and psychological functioning 12 months later. Attachment cognitions, assessed with the Revised Adult Attachment Scale and the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, were significantly associated with current symptomatology. The Revised Adult Attachment Scale, in interaction with initial symptomatology, predicted depression, substance abuse, eating disorders, and personality disorders 12 months later. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment parent subscales predicted eating disorder and personality disorder symptomatology, whereas the peer subscales predicted substance abuse, eating disorder, and personality disorder symptomatology.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1997

A cognitive-interpersonal approach to depressive symptoms in preadolescent children.

Cognitive and interpersonal aspects of depressive symptoms were investigated in a community sample of children. Eighty-one 8- to 12-year-olds completed scales assessing cognitive representations of social relationships and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Teachers provided ratings of peer rejection. Children with elevated levels of depressive symptoms displayed increased negativity in their beliefs about self, family, and peers, as well as distinct patterns of interpersonal information processing. Anxiety symptoms did not make a unique contribution beyond depression to negative representations of family and peers; in contrast, symptom-specific profiles of self-representations were found. Structural equation analysis supported a model linking negative interpersonal representations, peer rejection, and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that future studies may benefit from approaches that incorporate both cognitive and interpersonal variables as predictors of child depression.

Anxiety Disorders↗