A model for R.E.S. blood clearance involving Michaelis-Menten kinetics.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
C Hofer
Publications and source records attributed to C Hofer.
RFLP patterns and risk factors for recent tuberculosis transmission among hospitalized tuberculosis patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from 120 tuberculosis patients seen in the 12 months ending September 1994 at 2 tertiary-care centres in Rio de Janeiro were characterized by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Ninety-seven patients (81%) had isolates with unique RFLP patterns, while 23 patients (19%) had isolates that belonged to 11 different RFLP cluster patterns. The strains from the latter patients were distributed among 1 group of 3 patients and 10 groups of 2 patients each. The cluster-pattern strains were not associated with gender, age, HIV infection, type of residence, living in shelter, homelessness or previous history of tuberculosis. However, clustering was strongly associated with multidrug resistance (P = 0.006). These data suggest that recent exogenous transmission may be important for the development of new cases of multidrug-resistant disease in patients attending tertiary-care centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Adult↗
Drug resistance patterns among hospitalized tuberculous patients in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1993-1994.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the prevalence and risk factors for drug resistance among hospitalized patients in two tertiary care centers, an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reference center and a sanatorium, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1993-1994, 389 patients were diagnosed as having tuberculosis (TB). Isolates from 265 patients were tested for in vitro susceptibility to rifampin and isoniazid. Resistance to one or more drugs was detected in 44 patients (16.6%) and was significantly more common among recurrent cases in both hospitals (p=0.03 in the AIDS center and p=0.001 in the sanatorium). Twenty seven patients (10.2%) had isolates resistant to both isoniazid and rifampin. Multi-drug resistance was associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among patients who had never been treated for TB. In conclusion, drug-resistant TB is high in hospitalized patients in Rio de Janeiro, especially among HIV infected patients. Therefore, measures to control TB and prevent nosocomial transmission need urgently to be set up in the Brazilian hospitals.
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗
Formulation of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha containing ultradeformable carriers for potential transdermal application.
INTRODUCTION: Transfersomes (TF) are new highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles, which are able to spontaneously penetrate the skin barrier because of their characteristics. Transfersomes are able to transport non-invasively low as well as high molecular weight molecules into the body. We describe the formulation and several biological characteristics of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-a containing TF. MATERIAL AND METHODS: TF contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. Recombinant human IL-2 and human hybrid interferon-alpha A/D were added to TF and incubated for 24 hours at 4 degrees C. Immunotransfersomes were isolated from free IL-2 and IFN by filtration (Centrisart, Sartorius). Biological activity of immunotransfersomes was measured by CTLL-cell-assay for IL-2 and by A549--EMCV-assay for IFN, concentrations of proteins by ELISA. RESULTS: It has been possible to incorporate a high amount of IL-2 and IFN in TF (75-80%). Incorporated IL-2 and IFN were biological active. The increase of the proportion of lipid to protein to 90.9/1 led to growing probability of association. CONCLUSION: We were able to show, that IL-2 as well as IFN is trapped by transfersomes in biological active form and in sufficient concentrations for immunotherapy. In upcoming experiments these IL-2 and IFN-containing TF are used for a transdermal approach in the murine RENCA cell line model.
Administration, Cutaneous↗