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Biomedical subjects

C Hopkinson

Publications and source records attributed to C Hopkinson.

9 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1999

Cognitive function in the Caerphilly study: associations with age social class, education and mood.

Baseline cognitive function was established for a study of pre-symptomatic cognitive decline in 1870 men from the general population aged 55-69 years as part of the third examination of the Caerphilly Study. Cognitive assessment included the AH4, a four choice serial reaction time task, a modified CAMCOG, MMSE, NART and various memory tests. Distributions and relationships with age, social class, education and mood at time of testing are presented for a younger population than has previously been available. Multiple linear regression showed cognitive function to be independently associated with all four factors. The age effect was equivalent to one half of a standard deviation (SD) in CRT and AH4 scores. Only the NART score was not associated with age, supporting the use of NART score as an estimate of pre-morbid IQ. The largest age adjusted differences between men with low and normal mood were for the AH4 (3 points, t = 5.6, p < 0.0001) and the CAMCOG (2 points, t = 5.8, p < 0.0001). The smallest age adjusted effect of mood was for the CRT (33 ms, t = 2.14, p = 0.32) and the MMSE (0.4 points, t = 2.97, p = 0.003). Age, mood and education adjusted social class effects were very large ranging between around 0.5 SD for the CRT, and 1.0 SD for the AH4 and NART, respectively. For educational status age, mood and social class adjusted differences were also substantial with tests for trend showing the largest differences for the NART (t = 12, p < 0.0001) and modified CAMCOG (t = 10.6, p < 0.0001) with the smallest differences for the CRT (t = 2.73, p = 0.006).

Affect↗
PubMed1977

Effects of solid foods on growth of bottle-fed infants in first three months of life.

We studied 821 infants who were bottle-fed from birth to determine whether non-milk solids begun within the first 3 monts of life affect early growth. The infants were seen seven to 10 days and three months after birth. They were divided into three groups-those who had started solids before 6 weeks of age (657 infants); those who had started solids between the ages of 6 weeks and 3 months (124 infants); and those given cow's milk formulae alone during the first three months (40 infants). The infants were weighed and measured seven to 10 days after birth and at three months. Mean weekly rates of weight and length gain over the 3 months were calculated and did not differ significantly between the three groups. As no record was made of quantities of food taken we cannot explain the failure of solid foods to affect growth. Studies of how young infants utilise these foods are needed.

Bottle Feeding↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Warm-up exercises: can learning be fun?

This article explores the principles and practice of warm-up exercises or icebreakers during interpersonal skills training for Project 2000 student nurses. Warm-up exercises--an example of an experiential learning activity--may be useful but they must always have an educational purpose and allow participants to opt out. The author suggests that in reality educational principles are not always the basis for such exercises and that the very nature of these exercises may make students feel opting out is not always possible.

Emotions↗