Some thoughts on why women don't do breast self-examination.
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Adult↗
Biomedical subjects
C J Baines
Publications and source records attributed to C J Baines.
Functional heterogeneity of nephrons. I. Intraluminal flow velocities.
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Animals↗
Multiple chemical sensitivity: discriminant validity of case definitions.
In this study, the authors used the University of Toronto's Health Survey self-administered questionnaire to determine discriminant validity of multiple chemical sensitivity definitions. The authors distributed a total of 4,126 questionnaires to adults who attended general, allergy, occupational, and environmental health practices. The authors then matched responses to features selected from existing case definitions posited by Thomson et al.; the National Research Council; Cullen; Ashford and Miller; Randolph; Nethercott et al.; and the 1999 Consensus (references 4-7, 2, 9, and 10, respectively, herein). The overall response rate was 61.7%. The prevalence of reported symptoms was lowest in general practices, was intermediate in occupational health and allergy practices, and was highest in environmental health practices. Features from the definitions presented by Nethercott et al. and the 1999 Consensus (references 9 and 10, respectively, herein) correctly identified more than 80% of environmental health practice patients and more than 70% of general practice patients. Combinations of 4 symptoms (i.e., having a stronger sense of smell than others, feeling dull/groggy, feeling "spacey," and having difficulty concentrating) also discriminated successfully. In summary, features from 2 of 7 case definitions assessed by the University of Toronto Health Survey achieved good discrimination and identified patients with an increased likelihood of multiple chemical sensitivity.
Adolescent↗
The role of the nurse-examiner in the National Breast Screening Study.
The National Breast Screening Study employed 75 nurse-examiners in 12 screening centres across Canada who screened 67,740 women, some of whom received up to 5 annual screening examinations. 17 nurses each performed more than 5,000 physical examinations of the breast, 38 performed 1,000-4,999 and 20 performed less than 1,000. The nurses' accomplishments were impressive: they taught women how to perform breast self-examination and collected data evaluating BSE compliance, they alleviated anxiety in frightened women, they transmitted and explained clinical information to women who had abnormal screening examinations and they enhanced communication between the NBSS and the family physicians. The excellence of their physical examinations is reflected by a sensitivity of 77-83% for all but one screen years in women age 50-59 assigned to physical examination as a single screening modality and by the cancer detection rates which were achieved. Consequently, we recommend that in the future nurse-examiners should be employed in breast screening centres.
Breast Neoplasms↗
The National Breast Screening Study: pre-recruitment sources of awareness in participants.
Data collected by questionnaire from 89,835 women on entry into 15 Canadian National Breast Screening Study (NBSS) centres reveal pre-recruitment sources of awareness: radio and television were reported by 30%; workplace 6%; friends 35%; physician 6%; and other by 23% of respondents. Personalized letters of invitation employed in 5 centres were an important source of awareness. In the age group recruited, 40-59 years, age had no influence on the source reported. However women with post-secondary school education were less likely to report radio and television as a source and more likely to report newspapers compared to women with less education. Women with only public school education were less likely to report the workplace as a source of awareness than women with post-secondary education. Recruitment strategies for screening programs may be more successful if publicity on radio and television is geared to women of lower educational status and if publicity in newspapers is geared to women of higher educational status, supplementing both with personalized letters of invitation.
Adult↗
Canadian National Breast Screening Study: first screen results as predictors of future breast cancer risk.
Characteristics of women aged 40-59, recorded at an initial breast screen, were compared with the outcome of incident, invasive breast cancer occurring up to 3 years after the initial screen. The study design was case-control, nested within the study population of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study. Screening consisted of a two-view mammographic examination and physical examination of the breasts; additional risk factor information was obtained from self-administered questionnaires. Of the etiological risk factors considered only age at entry or years menstruating were significant risk factors for breast cancer (P < 0.0025). Years menstruating accounted for much of the age effect and all of the menopausal status effect. Risk factors obtainable from mammography and physical examination were more significant than self-reported risk factors, other than age or years menstruating. In spite of possible misclassification of the variable parenchymal pattern, women with a mammographic film classified as either P2 or DY had a 2-fold risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval = 1.5-2.9, P = 2.9E-05). An abnormality reported by either the radiologist [odds ratio = 1.7 (1.3-2.3)] or nurse examiner [odds ratio = 1.9 (1.4-2.6)] was also associated with an independent significant risk.
Adult↗