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Biomedical subjects

C J Kelleher

Publications and source records attributed to C J Kelleher.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2000

Overactive bladder significantly affects quality of life.

Overactive bladder (OAB), with symptoms of frequency, urgency, and urge incontinence, substantially affects the lives of millions of people. The symptoms associated with OAB can significantly affect the social, psychological, occupational, domestic, physical, and sexual aspects of those who suffer from it. Unfortunately, many sufferers are reluctant to discuss their condition with their healthcare provider or family members. As a result, OAB remains underreported, despite increased awareness and improved diagnosis and treatment. Health-related quality of life can be measured objectively, and several instruments have been developed, validated, and used in research. Currently, there are 2 major types of quality-of-life questionnaires: generic and disease specific. Although these questionnaires have been helpful and are widely used, the goal is to establish a single questionnaire that is acceptable throughout the world for use by urologists, gynecologists, urogynecologists, geriatricians, and epidemiologists.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A new questionnaire to assess the quality of life of urinary incontinent women.

OBJECTIVES: To design and validate a condition-specific quality of life questionnaire for the assessment of women with urinary incontinence, and to use the questionnaire to assess the quality of life of women with specific urodynamic diagnoses. SETTING: A tertiary referral urogynaecology unit at King's College Hospital, London. DESIGN: The questionnaire was designed following six different pilot studies; in this study it was tested for validity and reliability using standard psychometric techniques. The questionnaire was used in 293 consecutive women referred for investigation of urinary incontinence. RESULTS: The questionnaire was shown to be reliable both by test-retest analysis and by measurement of its internal consistency. The construct of the questionnaire and the answers by respondents confirmed its face and content validity. Criterion validity was measured by correlation with scores obtained on a validated generic measure of quality of life, the Short Form 36. Women with detrusor instability had greater quality of life impairment than women with other urodynamic diagnoses. CONCLUSION: The questionnaire was easy for the women to use and was a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of quality of life in women with urinary incontinence. It will be useful for the rapid appraisal and follow up of women with urinary incontinence in many different clinical settings, including the evaluation of new treatments of urinary incontinence in controlled clinical trials.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

A medium-term analysis of the subjective efficacy of treatment for women with detrusor instability and low bladder compliance.

OBJECTIVE: The aims of this study were to determine the medium-term subjective outcome of treatment for women with a urodynamic diagnosis of detrusor instability and low bladder compliance. SETTING: A tertiary referral urogynaecology clinic. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS: One thousand one hundred and five women referred for the investigation of their urinary symptoms were entered into a prospective, long term, quality of life study. Of these, 348 had a videourodynamic diagnosis of detrusor instability or low bladder compliance and form the basis of this paper. Women were contacted by post at least six months following their urodynamic assessment and asked to complete a questionnaire detailing their treatment, its efficacy and side effects, and any residual urinary symptoms. RESULTS: Two hundred and fifty-six women (73.6%) responded to follow up; only 5.5% were cured of their urinary symptoms. The majority (90.2%) had received anticholinergic medication, although only 18.2% continued with this treatment in excess of six months. Many women had residual urinary symptoms following their investigation and treatment. CONCLUSION: The medium term efficacy of the treatment of detrusor instability and low compliance is disappointing, and a large part of this failure may be attributable to poor treatment efficacy, side effects of medication, or inadequate follow up following the diagnosis and instigation of therapy.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Sex hormones, the menopause and urinary problems.

To date, there have been few appropriate placebo-controlled studies using both subjective and objective parameters to assess the efficacy of estrogen therapy for the treatment of urinary incontinence. Further confusion arises from the heterogeneity of different study protocols. Consequently, the best treatment in terms of type and dose of estrogen and route of administration is unknown. From these studies, however, there is clear evidence to suggest that recurrent urinary tract infection can be prevented or even treated by the use of estrogen therapy. Furthermore, systemic estrogen replacement appears to alleviate the symptoms of urgency, urge incontinence, frequency, nocturia and dysuria, and low-dose topical estrogen is effective in the management of atrophic vaginitis. Although the latter example appears to be free from side-effects, even following prolonged administration, it is unclear whether low-dose therapy has a sufficient effect on the lower urinary tract to treat urinary incontinence. There is no conclusive evidence that estrogen replacement alone is sufficient to cure stress incontinence, but in combination with an alpha-adrenergic agonist there may be a role for estrogen therapy in the conservative management of genuine stress incontinence. On the other hand, estrogen supplementation definitely improves the quality of life of many postmenopausal women and, therefore, makes them better able to cope with other disabilities. Perhaps the role of estrogen in the management of postmenopausal urinary disorders is as an adjunct to other methods of treatment such as surgery, physiotherapy and drugs. This is certainly a hypothesis which should be tested.

Aged↗
PubMed1995

Quality of life and urinary incontinence.

Urinary incontinence affects some aspect of the lives of between 15 and 30% of women. The impact of incontinence, however, varies owing to many factors such as age and cultural beliefs. Quality of life assessments now offer both general and specific questionnaires that measure the impact of this debilitating condition. Although currently an important research tool, these assessments may ultimately become routine in clinical practice.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Use of temperature-sensitive gel for concentration of influenza virus from infected allantoic fluids.

Cross-linked, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) gel was used to concentrate avian influenza virus from allantoic fluid. Placing the gel in virus-infected allantoic fluid at 4 degrees C caused the gel to swell and absorb small molecular weight solutes, while excluding avian influenza virus and other large particles. Warming the gel to 37 degrees C or more caused the gel to collapse. The gel remained functional after sterilization in an autoclave and could be reused to concentrate other samples of allantoic fluid. Using a combined concentration and elution technique, we were able to achieve an average of 84.2% virus recovery, while reducing the fluid volume from 90 ml to 7.6 ml.

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1985

Epizootiology of avian influenza: effect of season on incidence in sentinel ducks and domestic turkeys in Minnesota.

Sentinel ducks and domestic turkey flocks were monitored for influenza infection during a 4-year period. The onset of infection among ducks was similar each year, occurring in late July or early August. Influenza in turkeys was also shown to be seasonal, but the usual onset was 6 to 8 weeks after the detection of influenza in sentinel ducks. Possible explanations for the delayed infection in turkeys are (i) increased waterfowl activity associated with fledging and congregating in late summer and early fall; (ii) vectors transmitting virus from the waterfowl habitat to poultry farms; (iii) cooler environmental temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (iv) cooler surface water temperature, allowing prolonged virus viability; (v) groundwater contamination from contaminated surface water; and (vi) virus adaptation in domestic turkeys before infection is detected. We conclude that ducks are not only a natural reservoir of influenza but also have a seasonal infection that appears to be related to seasonal influenza outbreaks in domestic turkeys in Minnesota. However, only some influenza A virus isolates circulating among waterfowl at any given time appear capable of causing detectable infection in turkeys. It is speculated that the seasonal infection in migratory waterfowl may also be related to seasonal influenza infections in other species including humans.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An adsorption-elution technique for the recovery of influenza virus from water.

A virus adsorption-elution (viradel) procedure was modified and evaluated for the concentration of influenza virus from water. Influent pH, flow rate, eluent pH and composition, and a second-step concentration method were evaluated. The viradel procedure in combination with a chicken erythrocyte adsorption technique resulted in up to 3200-fold concentration of influenza virus from 100 liters of tap water.

Adsorption↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Efficacy of viable and inactivated Newcastle disease virus vaccines in turkeys.

Market turkeys spray-vaccinated at 20 days of age with viable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine and challenged 7 weeks postvaccination failed to yield NDV by tracheal swabbing 4 days postchallenge but demonstrated serologic evidence of infection. Birds vaccinated subcutaneously with inactivated oil-emulsion (OE) NDV vaccine had virologic and serologic evidence of infection. Breeder hens vaccinated by spray with commercial La Sota vaccine at 19 weeks of age and revaccinated subcutaneously with OE vaccine at 32 weeks of age had an adequate level of resistance against a drop in egg production but demonstrated serologic evidence of infection when challenged with velogenic NDV at 38 weeks of age.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An evaluation of Newcastle disease virus spray vaccination programs of market turkeys.

Commercial market turkeys that were spray-vaccinated at 2 to 3 weeks of age with viable Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine usually did not develop high or persistent levels of serum antibody as detected by the hemagglutination-inhibition test. Vaccinated turkeys exhibited a satisfactory level of resistance to infection and clinical disease when challenged by the oculonasal or aerosol route at 2 weeks post-vaccination, and they resisted clinical disease when challenged at 6 weeks, but the level of protection diminished by 10 weeks post-vaccination. It is suggested that market turkeys produced in an NDV-enzootic area may require two or more NDV vaccinations by spray during their growing period in order to be adequately protected against natural NDV infection.

Aerosols↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of avian paramyxoviruses from sentinel ducks and turkeys in Minnesota.

In a 4-year study (1980-1983) involving the use of sentinel ducks that intermingled with wild ducks, a total of 98 paramyxovirus (PMV) isolates (84 Newcastle disease virus, 14 PMV-6) were obtained from 3652 sentinel duck cloacal samples (2.7% isolation rate) collected between June and mid-November each year. PMV infection of sentinel ducks appeared to be seasonal, with the onset of infection occurring between mid-July and mid-August. PMV was not isolated from sentinel turkeys that co-mingled with sentinel ducks during the last 2 years of the study. However, there was serological evidence that the sentinel turkeys were infected with PMV. These findings indicate that wild waterfowl are a natural reservoir of PMV and suggest that interspecies transmission of certain PMV serotypes may occur between waterfowl and turkeys.

Animals↗