Increased incidence in clostridial disease.
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Animals↗
Biomedical subjects
C J Lewis
Publications and source records attributed to C J Lewis.
Reduction of vasoconstriction mediated by neuropeptide Y Y2 receptors in arterioles of the guinea-pig small intestine.
Brief applications of a high-K+ solution were used to evoke transient constrictions of arterioles from the guinea-pig small intestine. Analogues of neuropeptide Y (NPY) selective for Y2-receptors reduced the constrictions, whereas NPY or a Y1-selective analogue potentiated the constrictions. We conclude that arteriolar smooth muscle has both Y1 and Y2 receptors, and suggest that Y2 receptors inhibit vasoconstriction by modulating the opening of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels. This may be related to the role of NPY that is present in some vasodilator nerves.
Animals↗
Evaluating food fortification options: general principles revisited with folic acid.
OBJECTIVES: This article uses folic acid as an example to illustrate some of the complex issues and general principles that emerge when evaluating fortification of the food supply as one possible means to address a public health recommendation. METHODS: Distributions of current daily folate intakes from conventional foods and dietary supplements were estimated. Intakes that might result from fortification of cereal-grain products and ready-to-eat cereals at various levels for eight age-gender groups were also estimated by using the US Department of Agriculture's 1987-1988 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey. RESULTS: The results illustrate that fortification of the US food supply tends to increase folate intakes of consumers at the high end of the intake distribution curves in the general population to a greater extent than it affects consumers at the low end of the intake distribution curves in the target population. CONCLUSIONS: The effectiveness of food fortification options for a target population and the safety for the general population impose conflicting challenges that must be considered concurrently when making decisions about fortifying the US food supply.
Adolescent↗
Isolation of a novel siderophore from Pseudomonas cepacia.
A novel iron-binding compound was identified in ethyl acetate extracts of the supernates from Pseudomonas cepacia cultures. This compound, named azurechelin, was produced by 88% of P. cepacia strains isolated from the respiratory tract. Production of azurechelin was regulated by the iron concentration in the culture medium. Azurechelin enhanced the growth of P. cepacia in a medium containing transferrin 200 mg/L. Azurechelin released iron from transferrin in an equilibrium dialysis assay, suggesting that it could complete with transferrin for iron. Azurechelin could also stimulate iron uptake by P. cepacia. This siderophore appeared to have a novel structure with neither the typical characteristics of catechol nor of hydroxamate compounds.
Biological Transport↗
Do time trends in food supply levels of macronutrients reflect survey estimates of macronutrient intake?
BACKGROUND: Two types of data may be used to estimate trends in food and nutrient intake by the US population: per capita food supply estimates and survey estimates of individual intake. Because these data vary markedly in measurement goals and methods, we examined whether trends in food supply and survey intake estimates for fat, carbohydrate, and protein are reflective of one another. METHODS: The data selected for comparison included all available survey estimates of mean intake by the US population (i.e., periodic estimates from 1965 to 1988) and all available per capita food supply estimates from a comparable time period (i.e., annual estimates from 1965 to 1985). RESULTS: The two types of data generally did not reflect the same trends. Furthermore, expressing macronutrient levels as percentage of calories rather than in grams affected the trend relationships. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that caution is needed in the selection and application of available data to estimate trends in macronutrient intake by the US population and in the interpretation of these data with regard to public health research, policies, and programs.
Data Collection↗
Dietary methodologies for food and nutrition monitoring.
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Bias↗
Nutrient intakes and body weights of persons consuming high and moderate levels of added sugars.
We classified a nationally representative sample of persons aged 4 years and older as high or moderate consumers of added sugars (ie, sugars added to foods by processors or consumers). Intake of added sugars was determined on the basis of grams consumed per kilogram of body weight (g/kg) and on the basis of percent of dietary energy from added sugars (% kcal). Regardless of the intake measure used, high consumers of added sugars had a significantly lower percentage of dietary energy from fat than did moderate consumers of added sugars. Persons defined by the % kcal measure as high consumers of added sugars took in lower percentages of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for 11 vitamins and minerals; these high consumers had body weights similar to those of their moderate counterparts. Persons defined as high consumers by the g/kg measure consumed greater percentages of the RDAs than did their moderate counterparts; these high consumers more frequently selected foods from categories likely to contain sugar-rich foods but weighed significantly less than did moderate consumers. Thus, different approaches to defining intake of added sugars revealed two patterns of high consumption of added sugars with different levels of nutritional risk. Conditions of overweight were not associated with high intake of added sugars. Educational efforts, therefore, should focus on those consumers who tend to substitute foods rich in added sugars for more nutritionally desirable foods.
Adolescent↗
Focus group sessions on formats of nutrition labels.
Four consumer focus group sessions, with a total of 40 participants, were conducted to gather information on the utility and appropriateness of selected components of nutrition label formats. The formats reviewed were bar graphs, pie charts, numeric listings, and adjectival descriptors such as high and low. Participants were asked to compare food labels using various format types and to discuss the utility and interpretability of the formats. The outcomes suggested that these consumers did not find pie charts useful. They considered bar graphs confusing or unnecessary when numeric values were provided. Participants expressed concern that adjectival descriptors could be misleading. The numeric listing format they considered the most useful consisted of two columns of numbers: one listing the amounts of food components present in a serving of the food, and a second listing either the percentage of the label reference value (eg, the US Recommended Daily Allowance) or the quantity established as the label reference value. Participants repeatedly stressed their interest in a simple label. The results form one component of the Food and Drug Administration's efforts to evaluate nutrition label formats and will be used in conjunction with ongoing experimental and quantitative research studies.
Adult↗
Relationship between age and serum vitamin A in children aged 4-11 y.
The association between age and serum vitamin A concentrations in children was examined by using total serum vitamin A values from the second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) and serum retinol values for Mexican Americans from the Hispanic HANES. Analyses included multivariate strategies to identify confounders of serum vitamin A. After the effect of the use of vitamin-mineral supplements on total serum vitamin A values was controlled for, the data indicated that younger children (aged 4-5 y) have lower serum vitamin A concentrations than do older children (aged 9-11 y) regardless of whether the measure was total serum vitamin A or serum retinol. This relationship was systematic across the distribution of values and suggested that the difference may be due to normal physiological events. A different interpretive criterion may be needed for younger and older children when serum vitamin A is used to indicate vitamin A status.
Aging↗
Examination of specific nutrition/health behaviors using a social cognitive model.
Nutrition intervention programs are not always successful. In some cases, an insufficient understanding of the interrelationships among factors influencing health behaviors may be responsible for the failures. This study used social cognitive theory, a framework for studying behaviors, to structure the relationships between measurable factors important to the frequency of health-oriented food consumption. We developed a model that incorporated factors for social environment, reinforcement, commitment, behavior modeling, knowledge, and attitude relative to the frequency of consumption of four beverages (whole milk, low-fat/skin milk, regular soda, and diet soda). Four-hundred fifty-seven middle-aged adults (mean age, 47 years; 58% female) and 709 college students (mean age, 21 years; 50% female) responded to a written questionnaire designed as a self-report on frequency of consumption and measures for 10 social cognitive variables. For all four beverages, the model explained 35% or more of the variance in frequency of consumption, thus confirming its predictive power. We used the statistical approach known as path analysis to examine the relationships within the model. The analysis demonstrated that factors influencing the consumption varied between the two age groups (e.g., nutrition knowledge was related to attitude in adult soda-drinking models but not in student soda-drinking models) and between forms of the beverages (e.g., for student models, nutrition knowledge was related to taste enjoyment for low-fat/skim milk but not for whole milk).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adult↗
The pharmacokinetics and metabolism of idazoxan in the rat.
1. [2'-14C]Idazoxan was rapidly and completely absorbed after its oral administration to rats. 2. After administration of either [2'-14C] or [6,7-3H]idazoxan, radioactivity was taken up by a wide range of tissues and became localized, especially in the organs of metabolism and excretion. Quantitative distribution patterns were route-dependent such that oral dosing resulted in lower radioactivity concentrations in all tissues apart from liver. 3. Clearance of idazoxan (94-144 ml/min per kg) was due mostly to metabolism and was independent of dose. Oral bioavailability in male rats at low oral doses of idazoxan (10 mg/kg) was about 1%, but increased with increasing dose to 23% at 100 mg/kg. Oral bioavailability in female rats was considerably higher than in male rats, at all doses studied. Brain idazoxan levels were in equilibrium with those in plasma, but ten-fold higher. 4. Elimination of radioactivity after administration of 14C-idazoxan was via the urine and the faeces (about 75% and 20% of dose respectively) and occurred essentially in the 24 h period immediately after dosing. By 96 h after dosing, elimination was virtually complete, with less than 0.5% dose remaining in the carcasses. 5. Biotransformation was by hydroxylation at positions 6 and 7 to form phenolic metabolites, which were excreted as glucuronide and sulphate metabolites in urine, but unconjugated in faeces. Other minor metabolic routes were 5-hydroxylation or oxidative degradation of the imidazoline ring, but these pathways were of quantitatively minor importance in the rat.
Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists↗
Serving size issues in estimating dietary exposure to food substances.
The intake of cola beverages from two national surveys (NFCS 1977-78 and NHANES II) was used to examine certain assumptions important to a mathematical model employed to estimate dietary exposure to substances in food. The assumptions center on the relationship between frequency of consumption and serving size and on the constancy of serving size within age groups. Results showed the frequency of cola consumption was associated with 55% to 83% of the variability in cola intake and that mean cola serving size was not linearly related to frequency of consumption. However, while upper-level (90th + percentile) cola consumers consumed more frequently, they also had larger than average serving sizes. Therefore, because the model incorporates a standard serving size, it significantly underestimated (p less than .01) intake for the two groups of upper-level consumers examined. Furthermore, comparisons for cola serving sizes reported in the surveys showed differences by sex as well as systematic differences between the surveys in that the average difference between age and sex groups within each survey was similar, but NFCS 1977-78 had a larger average size for each group than did NHANES II. Attention should be given to the nature of the food consumption databases used for estimating dietary exposure because systematic bias may cause considerable differences in estimation.
Adolescent↗
Assessment of an in situ rat intestine preparation with perfused vascular bed for studying the absorption and first-pass metabolism of drugs.
The perfused in situ rat jejunum preparation originally described by Hanson and Parsons (1976) was adapted for use in absorption and metabolism studies with drugs. The preparation allows simultaneous perfusion of the gut lumen and associated vasculature and is viable for one hour. The viability of the preparation was assessed, and the application of the method is illustrated by experiments with the opiate analgesic, buprenorphine.
Animals↗
Measurement of total and specific IgE levels in the management of a family exhibiting a high incidence of keratoconus.
A prospective survey of a family, some of whose members were suffering from keratoconus, has been assisted by estimating serum levels of total and specific immunoglobulin E. In this family of twelve there were initially 2 keratoconus sufferers identifiable clinically, and they both had raised serum levels of total and specific IgE. Of three other younger siblings with high levels of IgE 2 have become, over the course of the study period, patients requiring regular review due to established early keratoconus. The third, as yet, has no clinical evidence of altered corneal stroma. We consider, therefore, estimation of total and specific serum immunoglobulin E to be an objective test with the potential for indicating high risk patients within selected groups. The patients thus identified may have established keratoconus or may progress to develop the condition.
Adolescent↗
Immunoglobulin patterns in keratoconus with particular reference to total and specific IgE levels.
A selection of sufferers from keratoconus and random controls were assessed in order to substantiate claims that there existed a significant incidence of patients with both keratoconus and a raised serum level of immunoglobulin E. The results appeared to confirm a high incidence of raised total serum IgE levels in patients with keratoconus and also indicated that the additional measurement of serum specific IgE was more sensitive than total IgE. In fact 59% of the patients with keratoconus in our study were identified as having significantly raised level of specific immunoglobulin E, and 52% were identifiable by measuring total immunoglobulin E. This compares favourably with a previous incidence in a keratoconus population of 47% with raised total immunoglobulin E. Our study avoids clinical estimation of known associated systemic manifestations of atopic disease, thereby reaffirming the correlation between raised serum levels of IgE and keratoconus as objectively as possible. This identification pattern may be useful in reviewing high-risk groups and aid in the earlier detection of the condition.
Female↗