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Biomedical subjects

C J Patterson

Publications and source records attributed to C J Patterson.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Children's academic and behavioral adjustment as a function of the chronicity and proximity of peer rejection.

The experience of peer rejection is associated with a number of concurrent and later problems for children. However, we know very little about differences in risk relative to different experiences of rejection over time. This study examined later academic and behavioral problems as a function of two dimensions by which rejection may vary over time: chronicity and temporal proximity. 622 second- through fourth-grade children (ages 7-12) were tested in the spring of 4 consecutive years. The results indicated that both chronicity and proximity directly influenced later adjustment. Taken together, the findings suggest that all levels of rejection were associated with greater absenteeism from school, and more chronic and proximal experiences of rejection were associated with elevated externalizing behavior problems and teacher-rated internalizing behavior problems. There was evidence that initial level of adjustment, gender, and development moderated the relation among these dimensions of rejection and later adjustment.

Achievement↗
PubMed1993

Measuring quality of life in the frail elderly.

This study was carried out to develop and test the Geriatric Quality of Life Questionnaire (GQLQ), a health-related qualify of life (HRQL) questionnaire designed for the frail elderly. One hundred patients were asked to identify areas of their daily lives affected by their health. The GQLQ, developed on the basis of the results, the Rand Physical and Emotional Function Questionnaires, and the Barthel Index, were administered serially to a group of 76 patients participating in a randomized trial of a Geriatric Day Hospital. Participants in all phases of the study were over 65 years of age, living in their own home but with sufficient functional status impairment to compromise their ability to live independently. The GQLQ includes 25 questions focusing on activities of daily living (ADL), symptoms, and emotional function. In the ADL and Symptom domains respondents define personal problem areas. The responsiveness coefficients of the GQLQ ADL and Symptom domains (0.26 and 0.30 respectively) were similar to those of the Rand Physical Function instrument and the Barthel Index (0.29 and 0.20). The responsiveness coefficient of the GQLQ Emotional Function domain (0.50) was similar to that of the Rand Emotional Function instrument (0.63). Correlations between the GQLQ ADL domain and the Barthel Index (0.41), and between GQLQ and the Rand Physical Function instrument (0.30), were similar to the correlation between the Barthel Index and Rand Physical Function (0.40). While the GQLQ captures important areas of health-related quality of life impairment for the frail elderly, we failed to show any advantages in either responsiveness or validity to existing, simpler measures. New, specific instruments should be tested in head-to-head comparisons with existing measures, particularly generic instruments, before dissemination.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1993

Comprehensive care for the elderly.

As older people make up an ever greater percentage of our population, we need a framework for approaching their primary medical care. Prevention, early detection, health promotion, diagnosis, assessment, and treatment are the principal tasks of primary care physicians. To accomplish these tasks, physicians must maintain a broad perspective and call, where necessary, on the expertise of others.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Efficacy of a porcelain refinishing system in restoring surface finish after grinding with fine and extra-fine diamond burs.

Commercial porcelain refinishing kits are claimed to restore the surface finish on porcelain after adjustments in circumstances that preclude reglazing. This study investigates the efficacy of one such kit in restoring a Vitadur N porcelain surface finish after grinding with fine (30 microns grit-red band) and extra-fine (15 microns grit-yellow band) high-speed diamond burs. The production of the porcelain test samples, the refinishing procedures, and the refinishing times were standardized throughout. Techniques were selected to simulate clinical practice. Randomly selected examples of surfaces created during refinishing were subjected to scanning electron microscopy, using standard kV and tilt angle settings, and to surface profilometry tracings. Roughness average (Ra) readings were recorded for each test specimen for every surface finish. Ra readings were analyzed statistically using a two-way unbalanced model for analysis of variance. Although refinishing after grinding with a 15 microns grit bur produced surfaces significantly smoother than on specimens previously ground with the 30 microns grit burs, the surfaces remained significantly rougher than when originally glazed. It is concluded that, using the type of kit tested, burs of a grade finer than the existing 15 microns grit yellow band types would be appropriate for porcelain adjustments to permit subsequent refinishing to a surface smoothness comparable to the original glaze.

Aluminum Oxide↗
PubMed1992

Children of lesbian and gay parents.

This paper reviews research evidence regarding the personal and social development of children with gay and lesbian parents. Beginning with estimates of the numbers of such children, sociocultural, theoretical, and legal reasons for attention to their development are then outlined. In this context, research studies on sexual identity, personal development, and social relationships among these children are then reviewed. These studies include assessment of possible differences between children with gay or lesbian versus heterosexual parents as well as research on sources of diversity among children of gay and lesbian parents. Research on these topics is relatively new, and many important questions have yet to be addressed. To date, however, there is no evidence that the development of children with lesbian or gay parents is compromised in any significant respect relative to that among children of heterosexual parents in otherwise comparable circumstances. Having begun to respond to heterosexist and homophobic questions posed by psychological theory, judicial opinion, and popular prejudice, child development researchers are now in a position also to explore a broader range of issues raised by the emergence of different kinds of gay and lesbian families.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Candy cigarettes: do they encourage children's smoking?

Candy and bubble gum cigarettes are packaged to resemble cigarette brands, and so they may encourage young children to smoke. Two studies of the role of these products in the development of children's attitudes and behaviors toward smoking were conducted. In the first study, six focus group interviews were conducted with 25 children in three age groups (4 through 5, 6 through 8, and 9 through 11 years old). Children in each group were shown five candy and snack foods and asked about their opinions and experiences with each item. In the second study, 195 seventh-grade students in a southeastern city school system were surveyed about their cigarette smoking and candy cigarette use. In the focus groups, candy cigarettes were recognized by most children. Young children played with the candy cigarettes more than with other candy or snack items and made general references to smoking behaviors. Older children made favorable references to smoking behavior; most knew which stores sold candy cigarettes, and many had chosen to buy and use these items, despite parental disapproval. Candy cigarettes may play a role in the development of children's attitudes toward smoking as an acceptable, favorable, or normative behavior. Elimination of these products should be part of efforts to prevent initiation of smoking by children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence as predictors of self-reported behavior problems in preadolescence.

Childhood peer rejection, aggression, withdrawal, and perceived competence were compared as predictors of self-reported behavior problems. Peer sociometric status (Coie, Dodge, and Coppotelli, 1982), teacher ratings of behavior problems (Lorion, Cowen, & Caldwell, 1975), and perceived competence ratings (Harter, 1982) were obtained for 613 second- through fourth-grade children. Two years later, these students completed a modified version of the Youth Self-Report from (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1987). Rejected children and neglected girls were more likely to have a self-reported nonspecific negative outcome than others. Neglected girls were at heightened risk for depression. A varied set of predictors obtained from different informants emerged for each sex for each of the specific self-reported outcomes of depression, unpopularity, delinquency, aggression, and self-destructive/identity problems. Results are discussed in terms of future directions for longitudinal research on the consequences of poor peer relationships in childhood.

Aggression↗
PubMed1991

Refinishing of porcelain by using a refinishing kit.

Dental porcelain occasionally requires adjustment in circumstances that preclude reglazing. Porcelain refinishing kits are now available commercially. The effects of using one such kit on Vita VMK bonded porcelain was investigated qualitatively and quantitatively using scanning electron microscopic and surface profilometric techniques, respectively. The kit proved incapable of restoring a surface glaze to porcelain adjusted using a fine (red band) diamond bur, but was capable of reducing significantly the surface roughness (Ra) of adjusted porcelain. The importance of distinguishing between the integrity of the surface glaze and measurements of surface roughness is discussed. Confining the application of refinishing procedures to the surface adjusted is important to avoid unnecessary removal of the original surface glaze.

Carbon↗
PubMed1991

Selection and use of posterior composites in general dental practice.

This study investigated, by means of a directly mailed postal questionnaire to each of the general dental practitioners in a Scottish Health Board area, the use of posterior composites by general dental practitioners and the factors affecting their selection and introduction of these materials into their practices. Three non-restorative practitioners (two-Orthodontics, one-Oral Surgery) were excluded from the study giving a total of 156. Although a relatively small study, a 60 per cent response rate was increased to 70 per cent after telephone follow up. Of the 109 respondents, 30 per cent offered NHS (National Health Service) treatment exclusively and 70 per cent had mixed NHS/private practices. 77 per cent of the respondents claimed to use posterior composites but 7 per cent of those were using anterior composite materials for posterior restorations. 90 per cent of those claiming to use posterior composites placed fewer than five posterior composite restorations per week. In an area with a high proportion of exclusively private practices findings may have differed.

Bicuspid↗
PubMed1990

Income level, gender, ethnicity, and household composition as predictors of children's school-based competence.

In the United States, being black, male, or growing up in a low-income and/or single-parent household have all been identified as risk factors for maladjustment during childhood. Interpretation of these findings is, however, often difficult because of the well-known associations among these variables. In the present study, we compared predictions of 3 different forms of children's competence from each of these 4 variables. In a sample of 868 black and white elementary school children from 2-parent and mother-headed 1-parent homes, we studied 3 aspects of school-based competence: conduct, peer relations, and academic achievement. Results showed that although the independent variables accounted for different amounts of variance in each domain of competence, income level and gender were better overall predictors of children's competence in conduct and peer relations than were ethnicity or household composition. Income level and ethnicity were better overall predictors of academic achievement than were gender or household composition, although each of the 4 variables made a significant contribution. Overall, income level and gender were thus the strongest predictors of children's competence. Black children were, however, more likely than white children to live in low-income homes. Our results thus highlighted some correlates of the unequal distribution of economic resources among black and white children growing up in the United States today.

Achievement↗
PubMed1990

Children's perceptions of self and of relationships with others as a function of sociometric status.

We studied the relations among children's reports about their own competence, objective measures of their competence, and their views of important relationships with others as a function of sociometric status. 515 third- and fourth-grade children responded to questions about aspects of their personal competence and about their relationships with mothers, fathers, teachers, and best friends. Rejected children reported the least supportive relationships overall with their fathers of any status group; this was especially true of rejected-aggressive children. Neglected children reported the lowest perceived social competence with peers. The subjective reports of rejected but not neglected children overestimated their social competence as rated by peers. Relative to teacher reports, rejected-aggressive children also overestimated their behavioral competence. While highlighting heterogeneity among low-accepted groups, these results add to knowledge about the subjective experiences of children who are unpopular with peers.

Aggression↗
PubMed1988

Accidental self-inoculation with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne's bacterin) by veterinarians in Wisconsin.

We surveyed Wisconsin veterinarians to assess the frequency and severity of accidental self- and other human exposure to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis bacterin (Johne's bacterin). Of 199 veterinarians administering the bacterin to cattle, 22 reported one or more exposures, including 19 needle-stick exposures, 8 skin surface exposures, and 2 oral mucosa exposures. The mean incidence of needle sticks was 5.5/100 veterinarians/year of bacterin use or 1/1,000 doses administered. The mean total doses given in the needle-stick exposure group was 276 +/- 318 vs 80 +/- 268 in the group without needle-stick exposure, and the mean number of months administering the bacterin was 21.7 and 16.1, respectively; 63% of needle-stick exposures took place during the injection process. Five adverse reactions were reported, and each resulted from needle-stick exposure. The only systemic reaction followed an exposure to the original bacterin formulation of sonically ruptured M paratuberculosis in Freund incomplete adjuvant. The remaining reactions were to the current formulation of whole killed M paratuberculosis in mineral oil and ranged from a small nodule persisting for 4 to 6 months to painful inflammation of a finger persisting for 24 months. We anticipate an increase in incidence of these minimally debilitating injuries as the use and distribution of the bacterin expands. For hand wounds, we recommend conservative management. Surgical intervention should be considered if a granuloma persists and causes the patient functional difficulty.

Accidents, Occupational↗