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Biomedical subjects

C J Richards

Publications and source records attributed to C J Richards.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Diagnostic value of multidetector row CT in rectal cancer staging: comparison of multiplanar and axial images with histopathology.

AIM: Although magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is widely used for rectal cancer staging, many centres in the UK perform computed tomography (CT) for staging rectal cancer at present. Furthermore in a small proportion of cases contraindications to MR imaging may lead to staging using CT. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of current generation multidetector row CT (MDCT) in local staging of rectal cancer. In particular the accuracy of multiplanar (MPR) versus axial images in the staging of rectal cancer was assessed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty-nine consecutive patients were identified who had undergone staging of rectal cancer on CT. The imaging data were reviewed as axial images and then as MPR images (coronal and sagittal) perpendicular and parallel to the tumour axis. CT staging on axial and MPR images was then compared to histopathological staging. RESULTS: MPR images detected more T4 and T3 stage tumours than axial images alone. The overall accuracy of T-staging on MPR images was 87.1% versus 73.0% for axial images alone. The overall accuracy of N staging on MPR versus axial images was 84.8% versus 70.7%. There was a statistically significant difference in the staging of T3 tumours between MPR and axial images (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Multidetector row CT has high accuracy for local staging of rectal cancer. Addition of MPR images to standard axial images provides higher accuracy rates for T and N staging of rectal cancer than axial images alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Image-guided pleural biopsy: diagnostic yield and complications.

BACKGROUND: Pleural biopsy and cytology are standard procedures for the investigation of pleural disease. Recent medical literature has suggested that image-guided pleural biopsy shows improved sensitivity for the diagnosis of pleural malignancy, when compared with the more commonly performed reverse bevel needle biopsy such as Abrams' needle. In our centre there has been an increasing trend towards performing image-guided pleural biopsies, and to our knowledge there is no large published series documenting the complication rate and diagnostic yield. METHODS: The radiology and pathology databases were searched for all image-guided [computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US)] pleural biopsies from January 2001 to December 2004. All imaging and histology were reviewed, and final diagnostic information about patients was obtained from the respiratory multidisciplinary team database and patient notes. A record was made of complications following biopsy, presence of pleura in the biopsy, and adequacy of tissue for histological diagnosis. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients underwent 85 image-guided pleural biopsies over a 4-year period. 80 cases were performed under CT and five under US guidance. The rate of new pneumothorax detected by chest radiography was 4.7%. No patient required a chest drain or blood transfusion to treat complications. In 10 (12%) cases, there was inadequate tissue to reach a confident histological diagnosis and in eight (9%) of these, no pleura was present. Assuming all suspicious and inadequate biopsies are treated as benign, which is the worst case scenario, image-guided pleural biopsy has a sensitivity and specificity of 76% and 100%, respectively, for the diagnosis of malignant disease. CONCLUSIONS: Image-guided pleural biopsy is a safe procedure with few associated complications and has a higher sensitivity than previously published series for reverse cutting needle biopsy in the diagnosis of malignant pleural disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Sites, rates, and limits of starch digestion and glucose metabolism in growing cattle.

Growing cattle in the United States consume up to 6 kg of starch daily, mainly from corn or sorghum grain. Total tract apparent digestibility of starch usually ranges from 90 to 100% of starch intake. Ruminal starch digestion ranges from 75 to 80% of starch intake and is not greatly affected by intake over a range of 1 to 5 kg of starch/d. Starch apparently digested in the small intestine decreases from 80 to 34% as starch entering the small intestine increases from 0.2 to 2 kg/d. Starch apparently digested in the large intestine ranges from 44 to 46% of starch entering the large intestine. Approximately 70% of starch digested in the small intestine appears as glucose in the bloodstream. Within the range of starch intakes that do not cause rumen upsets, increasing starch (and energy) intake increases the amount of starch digested in the rumen, increases the supply of starch to the small intestine, increases starch digested in small intestine (albeit at reduced efficiency), and increases starch digested in the large intestine, such that total tract digestibility remains relatively constant. With increased starch intake, most of the starch is still digested in the rumen, but increasing amounts of starch escape ruminal and intestinal digestion, and disappear distal to the ileocecal junction. Again, within the range of starch intakes that do not cause rumen upsets, as starch intake increases, hepatic gluconeogenesis increases, glucose entry increases, and glucose irreversible loss increases, with a significant portion lost as CO2. The ability to increase use of dietary starch to support greater weight gains or improved marbling could come from increasing starch digestion in a healthy rumen or in the small intestine, but we conclude that the main limit to use of dietary starch to support live weight gain is digestion and absorption from the small intestine. Increased oxidation of glucose at greater starch intakes may alter energetic efficiency by sparing other oxidizable substrates, like amino acids.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Influence of soybean hull supplementation on rumen fermentation and digestibility in steers consuming freshly clipped, endophyte-infected tall fescue.

Six steers (288.6 +/- 2.1 kg of BW) fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulas were used in a crossover design to evaluate intake, rumen fermentation, and site of nutrient digestion of freshly clipped, endophyte-infected (E+) Kentucky 31 tall fescue with or without soybean hull (SH) supplementation at 0.60% of BW (OM basis). Steers were placed in metabolism units within an environmentally controlled room and provided with free-choice access to fresh forage, water, and a vitamin/mineral supplement. The spring growth of E+ tall fescue was harvested daily during the experiment. Supplement was fed at 0700 with approximately 65% of the estimated daily forage. To maintain a fresh forage supply, additional forage was stored in a cooler and fed at 1900. Periods were 21 d with 14 d of adaptation and 7 d of digesta sample collection. Chromic oxide was used as a marker of duodenal digesta flow. Duodenal samples were taken 4 times daily with times shifting by 1 h each day to represent all 24 h of a day. Treatments were considered significant at P < 0.05. Supplementation of SH decreased forage OM intake from 1.64 to 1.41% of BW but increased total OM intake from 1.64 to 2.01% of BW. Apparent percentages (53.1%) and quantities (2,786 g/d) of rumen OM disappearance were not affected by supplementation. Percentages of total tract OM disappearance were not different (70.8%). Percentages of apparent rumen NDF disappearance also were not different (65.6%). Percentages of N disappearance were not different. Supplementation of SH resulted in increased total N (34.1 g/d) and microbial N (17.1 g/d) flowing to the duodenum. Rumen pH (6.5) was not affected, and rumen ammonia concentrations exhibited a time x treatment interaction in which SH decreased ammonia for 12 h after supplementation. Total VFA concentrations (103.9 mM) were unaffected. Liquid dilution rate (12.7%/h) and rumen OM fill (4.3 kg) were not different between treatments. Supplementation of SH at a rate of 0.60% of BW (OM basis) to calves consuming fresh E+ tall fescue decreased forage consumption but resulted in greater total intake, greater flow of N to the duodenum, and increased total tract OM disappearance.

Ammonia↗
PubMed2005

High-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: natural history and review of clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Management of high-grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus is controversial: surgery carries an appreciable morbidity/mortality, high-grade dysplasia may not progress to cancer and endoscopic ablation is an emerging option. AIM: To review Barrett's oesophagus-related high-grade dysplasia management and outcome over a 10-year period. METHODS: This was a retrospective case note review of 36 patients identified from a pathology database. RESULTS: There were 31 men of mean age 67 years. Endoscopic surveillance identified nine. Median follow-up was 21 months. Seven patients had no further intervention because of age/comorbidity. The other 29 had repeat endoscopic biopsies, nine showing cancer (six oesophagectomized). Of the 20 remaining patients with persisting high-grade dysplasia, eight had surgery (histology showed cancer in six), seven continued endoscopic surveillance (high-grade dysplasia regressed in four) and five had 'curative' argon ablation. An intensive biopsy protocol was not followed in 55% of endoscopies. Prevalent cancers occurred in 44% with an annual incidence of 5% over 5 years. All cause mortality was 39% (14 of 36, eight of 14 from cancer). CONCLUSIONS: Management of high-grade dysplasia was not uniform. Unsuspected cancer was common in high-grade dysplasia patients undergoing surgery but 13% regressed under surveillance. High-grade dysplasia patients have a high mortality but 43% did not die from cancer.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed2005

Ultrasound guided cytological aspiration of supraclavicular lymph nodes in patients with suspected lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death from cancer in the UK. Pathological diagnosis traditionally requires invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy, mediastinoscopy, or image guided biopsy. Ultrasound of the neck with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of enlarged but impalpable supraclavicular nodes has been used in patients with suspected lung cancer who have N2 or N3 disease on staging computed tomography (CT). If positive, this technique helps to both stage the patient and provide a cytological diagnosis. METHODS: 101 patients were enrolled prospectively over a 1 year period. FNAC was performed on all supraclavicular nodes over 5 mm in size using the capillary aspiration technique. RESULTS: Sixty one of the 101 patients had enlarged supraclavicular nodes and underwent FNAC. The overall malignant yield was 45.5% of patients scanned and 75.4% of patients sampled. As a result of FNAC, 43 patients (42.6%) avoided more invasive procedures. CONCLUSION: Ultrasound guided FNAC is a promising, relatively non-invasive technique for the staging and diagnosis of patients with lung cancer.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Influence of protein supplementation frequency on cows consuming low-quality forage: performance, grazing behavior, and variation in supplement intake.

The objectives of this research were to determine the influence of protein supplementation frequency on cow performance, grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, DMI, DM digestibility, harvest efficiency, percentage of supplementation events frequented, and CV for supplement intake for cows grazing low-quality forage. One hundred twenty pregnant (60 +/- 45 d) Angus x Hereford cows (467 +/- 4 kg BW) were used in a 3 x 3 Latin square design for one 84-d period in each of three consecutive years. Cows were stratified by age, BCS, and BW and assigned randomly to one of three 810-ha pastures. Treatments included an unsupplemented control (CON) and supplementation every day (D; 0.91 kg, DM basis) or once every 6 d (6D; 5.46 kg, DM basis) with cottonseed meal (CSM; 43% CP, DM basis). Four cows from each treatment (each year) were fitted with global positioning system collars to estimate grazing time, distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, and percentage of supplementation events frequented. Collared cows were dosed with intraruminal n-alkane controlled-release devices on d 28 for estimation of DMI, DM digestibility, and harvest efficiency. Additionally, Cr2O3 was incorporated into CSM on d 36 at 3% of DM for use as a digesta flow marker to estimate the CV for supplement intake. Cow BW and BCS change were greater (P < or = 0.03) for supplemented treatments compared with CON. No BW or BCS differences (P > or = 0.14) were noted between D and 6D. Grazing time was greater (P = 0.04) for CON compared with supplemented treatments, with no difference (P = 0.26) due to supplementation frequency. Distance traveled, maximum distance from water, cow distribution, DMI, DM digestibility, and harvest efficiency were not affected (P > or = 0.16) by protein supplementation or supplementation frequency. The percentage of supplementation events frequented and the CV for supplement intake were not affected (P > or = 0.58) by supplementation frequency. Results suggest that providing protein daily or once every 6 d to cows grazing low-quality forage increases BW and BCS gain, while decreasing grazing time. Additionally, protein supplementation and supplementation frequency may have little to no effect on cow distribution, DMI, and harvest efficiency in the northern Great Basin.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2004

An unusual presentation of Crohn's disease.

The first case of an inflamed, discharging urachal remnant associated with granulomatous appendicitis in which the patient was subsequently found to have Crohn's disease is described.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Pancreatic exocrine secretion in steers infused postruminally with casein and cornstarch.

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of postruminal protein infusion on pancreatic exocrine secretions. One Holstein, two crossbred, and five Angus steers (305 +/- 5 kg) with pancreatic pouch-duodenal reentrant cannulas and abomasal infusion catheters were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. All steers were abomasally infused with 1,050 g/d of raw cornstarch with treatments of 0, 60, 120, or 180 g/d of sodium casein suspended in water to yield 6,000 g/d of infusate daily. Steers were limit-fed (1.5 x NEm; 12 equal portions daily) a 90% corn silage, 10% supplement diet formulated to contain 12.5% CP. Periods consisted of 3 d of adaptation to infusion, 7 d of full infusion, 1 d of collection, and 7 d of rest. Pancreatic juice was collected in 30-min fractions continuously for 6 h. Total juice secreted and the pH of individual fractions were recorded, a 10% subsample was retained to form a composite sample, and remaining fluid was returned to the duodenum. Juice composite samples were stored (-30 degrees C) until analyzed for total protein and activities of alpha-amylase, trypsin, and chymotrypsin. Casein infusion linearly increased alpha-amylase concentration (182 to 271 units/mL; P < 0.02; 17.5 to 24.6 units/mg of protein; P < 0.03) and secretion rate (26,847 to 41,894 units/h; P < 0.01). Total juice secretion (155 g/h), pH of pancreatic juice (8.13), secretion rate of protein (1,536 mg/h), and concentration of protein (10.2 mg/mL) in pancreatic secretions were not affected (P > 0.05) by casein infusion. Similarly, casein infusion did not change 0.05) trypsin and chymotrypsin concentrations (1,379 and 349 units/L or 0.134 and 0.033 units/mg of protein, respectively) or secretion rates (206 and 52 units/h, respectively). Abomasal infusion of protein with starch stimulated a greater pancreatic secretion of alpha-amylase activity into the intestine than infusion of starch alone.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2002

Complement activation in postpartum thyroiditis.

BACKGROUND: Postpartum thyroid dysfunction (PPTD) develops in 50% of pregnant women who have raised levels of circulating thyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (TPOAb) at booking. Although these antibodies are able to activate the complement cascade in vitro, it is not known whether complement activation plays any role in the pathogenesis of this disease. AIM: To investigate potential and actual activation of the complement system in women with postpartum thyroiditis. DESIGN: Complement activation was monitored on a weekly basis in 24 postpartum women who had raised TPOAb at 16 weeks gestation, attending an antenatal clinic in Mid-Glamorgan, Wales. METHODS: ELISA procedures were used to measure both in-vitro complement C3 activation by TPOAb and circulating terminal complement complexes (TCC) in serum. RESULTS: Higher levels of bioactive TPOAb activity were seen in women who developed PPTD when compared to those who did not. However, TCC remained undetectable in serum throughout the period of study. CONCLUSIONS: In PPTD, despite the presence of circulating bioactive TPOAbs, the extent of complement activation is inadequate to cause detectable increases in peripheral blood TCC, suggesting that the complement system may not play a major role in PPTD pathogenesis.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed2002

Intestinal starch disappearance increased in steers abomasally infused with starch and protein.

Steers (379 +/- 10 kg) with ruminal, duodenal, and ileal cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square digestion trial to quantify and evaluate the relationship between intestinal protein supply and intestinal starch disappearance. Treatments were infusions of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 g/d of casein along with 1,042 g/d of raw cornstarch. Abomasal infusions were accomplished by passing tubing and a pliable retaining washer through the reticular-omasal orifice into the abomasum. Steers were fed a 93% corn silage, 7% supplement diet that contained 12% crude protein at 1.65% body weight in 12 equal portions/d. Periods lasted 17 d (12 d for adaptation, 2 d of collections, and 3 d of rest). The quantity and percentage of organic matter and protein disappearance from the small intestine increased linearly (P < 0.03) with infused casein. Greater quantities of starch disappeared with increased casein infusion (P < 0.01). The infusion of 200 g/d of casein increased small intestinal starch disappearance by 226 g/d over the control. Casein infusion did not affect the quantity or percent of organic matter, starch, or protein disappearance in the large intestine. Treatments did not change ruminal ammonia N, ruminal pH, or plasma glucose concentrations. Starch disappearance from the small intestine was increased with greater protein flow to the duodenum of steers.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2002

Influence of abomasal infusion of glucose or partially hydrolyzed starch on pancreatic exocrine secretion in beef steers.

Five crossbred steers (348 +/- 12 kg) fitted with a pancreatic pouch draining the main pancreatic duct and duodenal re-entrant and abomasal infusion cannulas were used in a 5 x 5 Latin square design to determine the influence of postruminal carbohydrate source and level on pancreatic exocrine secretion in beef steers. Abomasal infusion treatments (250 mL infused/h) were water (control), 20 g/h glucose, 40 g/h glucose, 20 g/h starch hydrolysate (SH), and 40 g/h SH. Infusion periods were 8 d with 3 to 4 d of rest between periods. Pancreatic juice was collected for 6 h on d 8 of each collection period. Every 30 min a 10% subsample was composited and frozen and the remainder was infused into the duodenum via the reentrant cannula. Abomasal infusion of glucose or SH increased (P < 0.10) total secretion of pancreatic juice and decreased (P < 0.10) secretion of alpha-amylase activity. Abomasal carbohydrate infusion did not influence total secretion of protein, trypsin activity, or chymotrypsin activity. This experiment indicates that increasing postruminal glucose or SH decreases pancreatic alpha-amylase secretion.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2000

Dietary carbohydrate source and energy intake influence the expression of pancreatic alpha-amylase in lambs.

In ruminants, pancreatic alpha-amylase is the primary enzyme responsible for the initial hydrolysis of alpha-linked glucose in the small intestinal lumen. The objective of this experiment was to examine the effects of altered dietary starch and energy supply on the expression of pancreatic alpha-amylase mRNA, protein and activity in lambs. Wether lambs (n = 24; 28 +/- 0.5 kg body weight) were fed low or high starch diets at 1.2 or 1.8 x net energy of maintenance for at least 28 d before tissue collection. Lambs fed the high energy/high starch diet tended to have more pancreatic alpha-amylase protein (54.5 kDa; P: = 0.08) and had greater activity (P: = 0.03), but alpha-amylase mRNA (1.6 kb) tended to be lower (P: = 0.17). Additionally, rumen fluid total short-chain fatty acid concentration was greater (P: = 0.04) and plasma glucose concentration tended to be greater (P: = 0.07) in lambs fed the high energy/high starch diet. However, pancreatic trypsinogen protein (25. 5 kDa) and jejunal maltase activity were not influenced by dietary treatment, suggesting that different regulatory systems are involved in regulating the tissue protein or activity levels of these two enzymes compared with alpha-amylase. These data suggest that dietary regulation of pancreatic alpha-amylase expression in ruminants is complex and probably regulated by transcriptional and post-transcriptional events.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Efficacy of laidlomycin propionate in low-protein diets fed to growing beef steers: effects on steer performance and ruminal nitrogen metabolism.

We conducted two experiments to evaluate the effect of the ionophore laidlomycin propionate (LP) on steer performance and ruminal N metabolism. Experiment 1 was a 91-d growth study evaluating the growth and ruminal characteristics of steer calves consuming supplemental LP. Steers (n = 96; 255 +/- 3 kg; four steers/pen; six pens/treatment) were used in a randomized complete block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two levels of dietary CP (formulated to be 10.5 and 12.5% of DM) with and without LP (11 mg/kg diet DM). Ruminal fluid was collected via stomach tube on d 91 from one steer randomly selected from each pen. No CP x LP interactions were observed with performance data (P > .64). Final weight and total gain were greater (P < .07) for 12.5% CP and LP compared with 10.5% CP and control steers, respectively. Also, DMI was increased (P = .08) with 12.5% CP but not with LP supplementation (P = .36). In addition, ADG and gain:feed ratio were greater (P < .03) for both 12.5% CP and supplemental LP. Ruminal NH3 N concentration was greater (P < .09) with 12.5% CP and LP. Total VFA concentration and molar proportion of acetate were not affected by treatment (P > .11). However, propionate concentration was increased (P < .09) with 12.5% CP and LP, and acetate:propionate was lower (P = .02) with LP supplementation. In Exp. 2, six steers were used in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to compare ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in steers without ionophore feeding or adapted to LP or monensin. In vitro deamination of amino acids by adapted ruminal microbes was also assessed. Ionophore supplementation decreased (P = .07) ruminal NH3 N concentration compared with control steers, and LP increased (P = .02) ruminal NH3 N compared with monensin. Molar proportion of acetate was decreased (P = .02) and propionate increased (P = .01) with ionophore treatment. Consequently, ionophore supplementation depressed the acetate:propionate ratio (P = .01). In situ degradation rate of soybean meal (SBM) CP was greater (P = .09) with ionophore treatment, but estimates of SBM undegradable intake protein were not altered by treatment (P > .25). Microbial specific activity of net NH3 N release and alpha-amino N degradation were decreased (P < .04) with ionophores. Based on this study, LP and monensin did not affect the extent of ruminal degradation of SBM CP but decreased amino acid deamination.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1999

Rectal carcinoma: thin-section MR imaging for staging in 28 patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of thin-section magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (in-plane resolution, 0.6 x 0.6 mm) in the preoperative assessment of the depth of extramural tumor infiltration, which is a major prognostic indicator in rectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a prospective study of 28 consecutive patients, preoperative MR imaging was performed. The tumor stage according to the TNM classification system and the measured depth of extramural tumor invasion in matched MR images and histopathologic slices were compared. RESULTS: Preoperative MR imaging correctly indicated the histopathologic tumor stage in all 25 patients in whom comparisons were possible. The difference between the depth of extramural tumor measured on preoperative MR images and corresponding measurements on histopathologic slices of the resection specimen ranged from -5.0 mm to +5.5 mm (mean difference, +0.13 mm; 95% CI: -2.72, +2.98 mm), indicating good agreement. The mesorectal fascia, and the relation of the tumor to it, could be visualized in every case. In all five patients with involvement of the circumferential excision margins of resection specimens, extensive extramural invasion was identified on preoperative MR images. CONCLUSION: Preoperative thin-section MR imaging accurately indicates the tumor stage of rectal cancer and depth of extramural tumor infiltration. It provides valuable information for identifying T3 tumors for preoperative adjuvant therapy in patients who are at high risk of failure of complete excision.

Female↗
PubMed1999

Net nutrient flux in visceral tissues of lambs fed diets differing in supplemental nitrogen source.

Eight multicatheterized wethers (35.9 +/- .8 kg BW) were used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design to measure N retention and net uptake and release of plasma metabolites across the portal-drained viscera (PDV), hepatic (HEP), and total splanchnic (TS) tissues in response to changes in supplemental N source. Treatments selected to provide different amounts of undegradable intake protein (UIP) were urea, soybean meal (SBM), poultry by-product meal (PBM), and bloodmeal:corn gluten meal (BMCGM; 50:50 CP basis). Diets (urea, SBM, PBM, and BMCGM) contained 12.9, 13.8, 13.6, and 13.2% CP, respectively. Periods were 10 d, with total feces and urine collected on d 7 to 10 and blood sampled on d 10. Wethers were fed at 2% of BW in 12 daily portions. Nitrogen retention was 2.2, 3.3, 4.1, and 4.4 g/d for urea, SBM, PBM, and BMCGM, respectively. Urea had less (P < .01) N retention than SBM, PBM, and BMCGM; SBM had less N retention (P < .01) than PBM and BMCGM. Arterial, portal, and hepatic plasma flows were greater (P < .09) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (21 vs 16, 17; 84 vs 72, 72; 105 vs 87, 88 L/h). Portal plasma flow was greater (P < .10) for urea than for SBM, PBM, and BMCGM (85 vs 84, 72, 72 L/h). Portal-drained viscera and TS alpha-amino N (AAN) fluxes were less (P < .05) for PBM than for BMCGM (20.5 vs 26.6 and 7.2 vs 15.1 mmol/h), but TS AAN flux was less (P < .05) for urea than for SBM, PBM, and BMCGM (6.9 vs 16.9, 7.2, 15.1 mmol/h). Portal-drained viscera flux and HEP removal of NH3 N were greater (P < .001) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (27.7 vs 19.4, 20.6; -28.1 vs -20.0, -21.4 mmol/h). Gut use was less (P = .07) and HEP and TS fluxes of urea N were greater (P < .01) for SBM than for PBM and BMCGM (-4.92 vs -8.32, -7.93; 25.87 vs 16.54, 20.00; 20.95 vs 8.22, 12.07 mmol/h). These data suggest that PBM and BMCGM improved efficiency of N use compared with urea and SBM by reducing urinary N loss.

Animal Feed↗