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Biomedical subjects

C K Martin

Publications and source records attributed to C K Martin.

14 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

Using intranasal lidocaine to reduce food intake.

OBJECTIVE: Develop a dose-response curve for the effect of intranasal lidocaine on food intake. DESIGN: Healthy obese subjects had food intake, ratings of hunger, desire to eat, craving and fullness measured at lunch after an overnight fast. Four treatments were given as nose drops (0.5-0.6 ml per nostril) 5 min before the meal in a double-blind manner with a four period crossover design including a 7-day washout between periods. The treatments were saline, 2.5, 10 and 25 mg lidocaine per nostril. The order of administration was randomly assigned to each subject. Electrocardiograms, vital signs, chemistry panels, complete blood counts (CBC) and nasal inspections were carried out before and after each dose. SUBJECTS: Forty-seven subjects were screened, 34 were randomized and 20 subjects completed all four study periods in the trial. The subjects were 39+/-12.5 (s.d) years of age, had a weight of 91+/-13.0 kg, a height of 167+/-10.3 cm, 56% were women, 47% were African-American and 53% were Caucasian. MEASUREMENTS: Food intake, rating of hunger, desire to eat, craving and fullness are measures of efficacy. Adverse events, electrocardiograms, vital signs, chemistry panels, nasal inspections, CBC and physical exams are measures of safety. RESULTS: The mean reduction in food intake vs saline control in the 20 subjects completing all four study periods was 3.3+/-7% (s.d), 4.2+/-8.5% and 7.4+/-7.3% in the 2.5 mg, 10 and 25 mg per nostril groups, respectively (P=NS). Hunger and desire to eat in subjects who completed at least one study period decreased dose dependently (P<0.03, at the 25 mg per nostril dose). There were no clinically significant changes in safety measures, electrocardiograms, vital signs, chemistry panels, CBC or nasal inspections. CONCLUSION: Intranasal lidocaine reduced hunger and the desire to eat, but this did not translate into a significant reduction in food intake suggesting that intranasal lidocaine will not have value in treating obesity.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2006

Safety and efficacy of NT, an herbal supplement, in treating human obesity.

OBJECTIVE: A human pilot study testing the safety and effectiveness of NT (Number Ten), a dietary herbal supplement made from rhubarb, ginger, astragulus, red sage and turmeric, to reduce food intake and cause weight loss. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: A total of 24 healthy women, 18-60 years, body mass index 25-35 kg/m(2) on no chronic medication were randomized to four groups of six: (1) oral freeze-dried NT 6 gm/day, (2) bed-dried NT 6 gm/day, (3) freeze-dried NT 12 gm/day or (4) placebo. Number Ten dose was escalated over 3 weeks and maintained for 8 weeks on a 700 kcal/day diet below maintenance. Food intake was measured at baseline and 4 weeks. Safety parameters were monitored weekly during dose escalation, week 6 and week 12. RESULTS: Weight loss was 1.8 kg for placebo and 0.4 kg for 500 mg NT whereas the 250 mg bed- and freeze-dried NT gained 0.43 and 0.87 kg, respectively (P=NS). The food intake increased 74 kcal with 250 mg freeze-dried NT and decreased 193.7 kcal with 500 mg freeze-dried NT (P<0.01). There was a dose-related incidence of loose stools in the NT groups, but no other toxicity was seen. Number Ten was found to contain sennosides, known laxatives and gallic acid, which is known to give weight loss in rodents. DISCUSSION: The human dose equivalent of NT used in this study was & frac16; and & frac112; of that shown to give well-tolerated weight loss in rodents. Number Ten will not be an effective dietary herbal supplement for the treatment of obesity owing to dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Association of depression with Body Mass Index, sedentary behavior, and maladaptive eating attitudes and behaviors in 11 to 13-year old children.

We examined the relation of different behavioral dimensions of depression with weight-related variables (BMI percentile, sedentary behavior, eating attitudes, and weight control behaviors) in children aged 11 to 13 years. Depression was assessed using the Children's Depression Inventory (CDI). Sedentary behavior was measured in 45 sixth grade students (23 boys and 22 girls) using a validated 24-hour recall instrument, the Self-Administered Physical Activity Checklist. BMI was calculated directly from measured height and weight (kg/m2). The Children's Eating Attitudes Test (ChEAT) was used to measure eating attitudes and weight control behaviors. There were not significant gender differences in reported minutes (142 vs. 91 minutes for boys vs. girls; p=0.25) of sedentary behavior (i.e., television watching and video game playing). The major finding of this study was that certain aspects of depression (i.e., interpersonal problems and feelings of ineffectiveness) were correlated with higher levels of sedentary behavior in children aged 11 to 13. A factor analysis of the study variables indicated that most dimensions of depression, sedentary behavior, and body size represent distinct but correlated behavioral dimensions. This study provides support for a link between specific aspects of depression (i.e., interpersonal problems and feelings of ineffectiveness) and sedentary behavior in children.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Psychosocial variables associated with binge eating in obese males and females.

OBJECTIVE: This study tested a psychosocial model of binge eating symptoms in obese men and women. Predictor variables included depression, dietary restraint, self-esteem, weight cycling, history of teasing, body dissatisfaction, and neuroticism. METHOD: Participants (N = 808) completed a packet of self-report questionnaires. RESULTS: Weight cycling, teasing about weight and shape, body dissatisfaction, negative affect, and dietary restraint comprised the best fitting models (original and cross-validation) for binge eating in women and men. These variables explained 61-72% of the variance in symptoms of binge eating in the samples of men and 70% of the variance in the samples of women. Although the male and female models were mostly similar, notable differences between them were found. DISCUSSION: The variables that comprise these etiological models should be considered in the development of prevention programs for obese binge eaters. Longitudinal studies, however, are needed to examine these etiological paths and to test for causal relationships.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Impact of altering DSM-IV criteria for anorexia and bulimia nervosa on the base rates of eating disorder diagnoses.

The diagnostic criteria used to define eating disorders have been the focus of debate for many years. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of altering DSM-IV diagnostic criteria upon the base rates of anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN) and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Five controversial criteria were systematically modified and the impact of these changes on base rates of full-syndrome and partial-syndrome eating disorders was assessed in 193 patients referred to two specialty eating disorder clinics. Modification of a single criterion resulted in relatively small changes in base rates of AN and BN, whereas modification of the two severity criteria led to more substantial changes. These findings have significant implications for future modifications of the DSM classification.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

A dual infection of infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a togavirus-like virus in ISA of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in New Brunswick, Canada.

Two viruses, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) virus and a novel togavirus-like virus, were isolated from ISA disease outbreaks that were first reported as a new syndrome, haemorrhagic kidney syndrome (HKS) affecting farmed Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. on the East coast of Canada. Laboratory confirmation of ISA diagnosis was initially complicated by isolation of only the togavirus-like agent using the CHSE-214 cell line. Here we demonstrate that a clinical sample from a disease outbreak of ISA contained a mixture of ISA virus and togavirus-like virus. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the presence of both viruses during serial passage of cultures in SHK-1 and CHSE-214 cells. Virus harvested at passage level 3 in both cell lines caused high mortalities and severe gross pathology consistent with ISA virus infection in experimentally inoculated Atlantic salmon parr (approximately 35 g) in freshwater, beginning 12 d post inoculation. ISA virus was detected by virus isolation from kidney and liver tissues of all dead or moribund fish tested. A comparison of virus isolation, 1-step procedure RT-PCR and RNA dot-blot hybridization for detection of ISA virus (ISAV) in fish tissues showed virus isolation to have 100% sensitivity, followed by RT-PCR (66 and 28% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively), with RNA dot-blot hybridization as the least sensitive method (20 and 10% sensitivity in kidney and liver, respectively). No togavirus-like virus was detected in these samples by virus isolation. Moreover, another togavirus-like virus isolate grown in CHSE-214 cells in the absence of any other detectable pathogen was non-pathogenic in experimentally inoculated fish. This study confirms that the original ISA outbreaks in New Brunswick, Canada, were caused solely by ISAV.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Duration of illness predicts outcome for bulimia nervosa: a long-term follow-up study.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate long-term outcome and prognosis in a bulimic and subthreshold bulimic sample. METHOD: In a follow-up study, 44 patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa and subthreshold bulimia nervosa were contacted after an average follow-up period of 9 years. RESULTS: Results revealed that 72.7% (n = 32) of the participants were recovered at the time of follow-up. An investigation of prognostic variables showed that good outcome was associated with a shorter duration of illness, which was defined as the time between onset of symptoms and first treatment intervention. If participants were initially treated within the first few years of the illness, the probability of recovery was above 80%. However, if they were initially treated 15 years or more after the onset of the illness, the probability of recovery fell below 20%. DISCUSSION: This finding suggests that early identification of bulimia nervosa may be a very important factor in preventing a chronic eating disorder.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Criterion validity of the multiaxial assessment of eating disorders symptoms.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this investigation was to establish the criterion validity of the Multiaxial Assessment of Eating Disorders Symptoms (MAEDS). The MAEDS is a brief, comprehensive, self-report measure for the evaluation of eating disorders treatment outcome. It assesses six symptoms associated with eating disorders with subscales for binge eating, purgative behavior, avoidance of forbidden foods, restrictive eating, fear of fatness, and depression. METHOD: To establish criterion validity, we compared the subscale scores of the MAEDS across four eating disorder diagnoses, specified by subtype (bulimia nervosa, purging type; anorexia nervosa, binge-eating/purging type; anorexia nervosa, restricting type; and binge eating disorder). Participants who did not meet the full diagnostic criteria for an eating disorder, but who did meet criteria for a partial syndrome eating disorder, were grouped with the full eating disorder diagnostic subtypes. RESULTS: The criterion validity of the MAEDS was supported by the pattern of subscale scores for the different eating disorder diagnostic groups. Also, with few exceptions, persons diagnosed with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, in comparison to subthreshold cases of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder, had equivalent scores on the subscales of the MAEDS. DISCUSSION: These findings support the criterion validity of the MAEDS and add to a growing literature that questions differences in severity of eating disorder symptoms in full syndrome versus partial syndrome cases.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Unconscious memory bias in depression: perceptual and conceptual processes.

Mood-congruent memory (MCM) bias in depression was investigated using 4 different implicit memory tests. Two of the implicit tests were perceptually driven, and 2 were conceptually driven. Depressed participants and nondepressed controls were assigned to 1 of 4 implicit memory tests after studying positive and negative adjectives. Results showed no MCM bias in the perceptually driven tests. MCM was demonstrated in 1 of the conceptually driven tests, but only for adjectives that were conceptually encoded. Results support the theory that mood-congruent processes in depression are limited to conceptual processing. However, activation of conceptual processes may not be sufficient for demonstrating mood congruency.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Binge eating disorder: a review of the literature after publication of DSM-IV.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is a syndrome marked by recurrent episodes of binge eating, in the absence of the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behaviors. Since the inclusion of BED in DSM-IV as a Diagnostic Category in Need of Further Research, a great deal of research has been conducted. This paper reviews research on BED since publication of DSM-IV in 1994. We conclude that questions about the definition of BED persist. Furthermore, recent studies which have strictly used the DSM-IV definition of BED have found that the full syndrome is found in less than 3% of obese adults seeking weight loss treatment and occurs in less than 1% of the general adult population. Binge eating is a common symptom associated with obesity, however. BED may be conceptualized as a psychiatric syndrome or it may be viewed as a behavioral symptom associated with obesity. We conclude that clarification of this conceptual issue is needed if research on BED is to progress.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Infectious bursal disease virus polyprotein processing does not involve cellular proteases.

The larger genome segment, segment A, of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) encodes VP2, VP3 and VP4 as a precursor polyprotein. The viral protease, VP4, is responsible for self-processing of the polyprotein, however, there are additional secondary precursor products such as VPX whose further processing has not been defined. Expression of IBDV cDNAs in vitro with rabbit reticulocyte lysates in a coupled transcription-translation system and in the Sindbis virus expression system (with BHK-21 and Vero cell cultures) were used to study processing of the polyprotein. In both expression systems, we identified three main gene products with molecular masses of 48, 34, and 30.5 kDa corresponding to VPX, VP3, and VP4, respectively, as found in IBDV-infected Vero cell cultures, although the amount of each product was variable. A translational time course of the polyprotein gene and analyses of products specified by various sub-clones of the full-length cDNA were used to distinguish primary processing products of translation from secondary products generated by proteolytic processing during in vitro coupled transcription-translation expression. The VPX, VP3 and VP4, which are the primary processing products, first appeared after 20 min of incubation and their production was maximum by 75 min of the coupled transcription-translation reaction. Cycloheximide chases demonstrated that there is no secondary processing of VPX (or VP3 and VP4). Thus VP2, the major capsid protein in virions, was not detected either in translation products of rabbit reticulocyte lysates or in lysates of Sindbis virus recombinant-infected cell cultures indicating the absence of secondary processing of VPX to VP2 during foreign expression of the segment A cDNA. We conclude that VPX maturation to VP2 does not involve cellular proteases.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by immobilized cells of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293.

Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells capable of converting L-sorbose to L-sorbosone were immobilized in polyacrylamide gel. The preferred polymer composition for high activity and stability was determined to contain a total monomer concentration of 7.2% and 16.6% crosslinking agent. No significant differences in optimal conditions for conversion, e.g., pH and temperature, were found in comparison with free cell suspensions. However, in the absence of L-sorbose, the thermal stability of immobilized cells was lower. After the initial loss, the conversion activity of immobilized cells increased, possibly due to lysis, and this increase was related to the polymerization conditions and the incubation temperature for the L-sorbose conversion. The enzymatic activity and stability of the immobilized cells also depended on the physical form of the gel and the aeration levels. Addition of electron acceptors or addition of L-sorbosone to the medium reduced, while addition of neomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline increased the stability of the enzymatic activity.

Electron Transport↗
PubMed1975

Stimulation by organic solvents and detergents of conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone by Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293.

Treatment of Gluconobacter melanogenus IFO 3293 cells with benzene, carbon tetrachloride, cyclohexane, deoxycholate, toluene, or xylene stimulated their conversion of L-sorbose to L-sorbosone two- to threefold. The degree of stimulation depended upon the length of exposure time to the agent and the age of the G. melanogenus cells. A rapid decrease in viability of the cells and degradation of cell RNA was noted after treatment with the effective agents. The G. melanogenus cells were unable to absorb L-sorbose actively after toluene treatment.

Age Factors↗