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Biomedical subjects

C K Nain

Publications and source records attributed to C K Nain.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Airway response to acid instillation in esophagus in bronchial asthma.

OBJECTIVE: An increased incidence of gastroesophageal reflux has been reported in patients with bronchial asthma. We studied the pulmonary effects of acid instillation in the esophagus. METHODS: Fifteen patients with bronchial asthma and 15 healthy adults in the age group 15-50 years were studied. The control subjects were first screened for bronchial hyperreactivity by a methacholine challenge test. Patients and controls were both subjected to modified Bernstein test. Spirometry was done at baseline and after each instillation of either acid or saline. Respiratory and reflux symptoms were noted after each infusion and antacid administration. RESULTS: Five patients and one control subject had history of reflux symptoms (p < 0.05) and six patients had nocturnal asthma. There was a significant fall in FEV1/FVC after acid infusion patients; this improved significantly after antacid administration. All six patients with nocturnal asthma had respiratory signs or symptoms and had more than 20% fall in FEV1 on acid instillation in the esophagus, while none in the control group developed the same. CONCLUSIONS: Gastroesophageal reflux occurs more frequently in patients with bronchial asthma and acid instillation in the esophagus triggers bronchoconstriction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effect of sucralfate on gastric bicarbonate secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer.

BACKGROUND: Sucralfate is known to protect gastroduodenal mucosa and thereby facilitate healing of peptic ulcer. The mechanism of action of this drug is still not fully known. METHODS: We studied the effect of sucralfate treatment on gastric bicarbonate secretion in 16 patients with duodenal ulcer. RESULTS: Sucralfate administration (3 g daily for 4 weeks) stimulated bicarbonate secretion from 3.1 +/- 1.2 mmol/h to 4.6 +/- 2.0 mmol/h (p < 0.05). Gastric juice volume as well as non-parietal volume secretion also increased significantly after sucralfate therapy (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sucralfate causes stimulation of non-parietal volume-dependent gastric bicarbonate secretion.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Increased glutathione cycling and vitamin E of P. falciparum infected erythrocytes fail to prevent spontaneous haemolysis.

In an attempt to understand the pathogenesis of anaemia in Plasmodium falciparum infection, the status of erythrocyte glutathione and vitamin E content in relation to the susceptibility of infected red cells to peroxide haemolysis was examined. Synchronized cultures of the parasite with either ring-, trophozoite or schizont-infected red cells showed a gradual increase in the reduced glutathione content which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in schizont-infected cells. Trophozoite-infected cells revealed significant increase in oxidized glutathione (p < 0.01) suggesting an increase in glutathione utilization during active erythrocytic schizogony of the parasites. The membrane antioxidant vitamin E also showed an increased accumulation in trophozoite- and schizont-infected red cells (p < 0.05) but not in the uninfected or ring-infected erythrocytes. Despite a favourable change in these antioxidants, the infected as well as uninfected red cells from parasite cultures showed enhanced peroxide haemolysis (uninfected, p < 0.05; ring-rich, p < 0.05, trophozoite- and schizont-rich, p < 0.001). The study provided direct evidence for enhanced susceptibility of red cells to lysis, including those of uninfected cells exposed to parasite products. This might explain the cause for much higher red cell loss and anaemia during P. falciparum infection than all the infected cells put together.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Effect of pentagastrin on gastric bicarbonate secretion in patients with duodenal ulcer & healthy controls.

We studied the gastric acid and bicarbonate secretion rates in 12 patients with duodenal ulcer and 6 age matched healthy controls. Measurements of gastric juice volume (nonparietal and parietal), acidity and osmolality were done. The ulcer patients secreted more acid, parietal and nonparietal fluid than controls under basal conditions and after subcutaneous pentagastrin injection (6 micrograms/kg body weight). However, the gastric bicarbonate secretion was similar in the duodenal ulcer patients and controls, both under basal state as well as after pentagastrin stimulation. The gastric acidity was similar in ulcer patients and control subjects under both the states (49.3 +2- 4.5 vs 50.0 +/- 6.0 mmol/l basally, 85.2 +/- 8.9 vs 63.4 +/- 6.6 mmol/l after pentagastrin injection respectively). Thus, gastric bicarbonate secretion was similar, whereas parietal and nonparietal volume secretions were increased in patients with duodenal ulcer as compared to controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Sodium and potassium content of liquid antacids.

Sodium and potassium contents of 37 commercially available liquid antacid preparations were estimated. Only nine preparations had sodium content below 60 mmol/L. The potassium content was below 1 mmol/L in 26 preparations. We conclude that caution should be exercised in selecting liquid antacid preparations in whom critically ill patients for electrolyte overload could prove harmful.

Antacids↗
PubMed1991

Alterations in enzymatic activities of the intestinal mucosa during the course of Giardia lamblia infection in mice.

Decline in the specific activities of intestinal cytosolic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH); brush border glucoamylase, and isomaltase; and basolateral (Na+, K+)-ATPase activities were observed during the establishment, acute phase and decline phase of infection in Giardia lamblia-infected mice. The degree of decline in the activities of various enzymes correlated well with the number of trophozoites counted in the jejunum. There appeared to be a gradual recovery of enzymatic activities during the decline phase of infection, when the number of trophozoites also declined. The decline in activities of these enzymes may contribute to malabsorption of nutrients during giardiasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Functional characterization of intestinal intraepithelium & lamina propria lymphocytes from Giardia lamblia infected mice.

Quantitation of T cell subsets in intraepithelium and lamina propria during the course of experimental G. lamblia infection in the inbred mice revealed increased influx of Thy 1.2+ (T cells) and Lyt 2.2+ (suppressor/cytotoxic T cells) during the establishment (3-5 day post-inoculation) and acute (9-11 day post-inoculation) phases of infection. The influx of these cells reduced as the parasite load declined. In contrast, no significant changes were noticed in lamina propria and intraepithelium Lyt 1.1+ (helper T cell) cells during the establishment or acute phase but such cells increased significantly in the decline (17-21 day post-inoculation) phase of infection. Further, both intraepithelium and lamina propria lymphocytes isolated from uninfected or infected animals failed to kill G. lamblia trophozoites in vitro in the absence or presence of antigiardial antibodies. Our data suggest that the clearance of G. lamblia trophozoites was not mediated by cytotoxic T cells. However, the induction of helper T cells during the declining phase of infection might be an important mechanism for the induction of parasite specific antibody response leading to the immune elimination of G. lamblia trophozoites from the gut.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Giardia lamblia infection in immunosuppressed animals causes severe alterations to brush border membrane enzymes.

NMRI mice immunosuppressed with dexamethasone followed by challenge intraesophageally with axenic Giardia lamblia (Portland I) trophozoites had severe infection in terms of the trophozoite counts in the jejunum. Although the immunosuppressive treatment with cortisone itself resulted in a deleterious effect on brush border membrane enzymes, the decline in disaccharidases (sucrase, maltase, and lactase) and alkaline phosphatase was highly significant (P less than 0.001) following G. lamblia infection. The alterations in enzymatic activity in immune intact but infected animals demonstrated the potential of the parasite itself to cause damage to the brush border membrane. We believe that individuals with underlying immunodeficiency, upon infection with G. lamblia, may have increased damage of the brush border membrane, leading to severe malabsorption.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMed1988

Total acidity, pH and ethanol contents in illicit liquor (Indian home made brew).

'Home made brew' (illicit liquor) is often consumed in rural areas of India. Forty-six such alcohol samples were collected from different areas to assess total acidity, pH and ethanol content. The mean ethanol content was 16.47% (v/v) (range 1.11-36.88%). Total acidity ranged between 0.56 and 10.88 with the mean of 2.85 g of sodium hydroxide/l. The mean pH was 4.20 (range 2.70-9.41).

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1988

Depressed humoral immune responses to surface antigens of Giardia lamblia in persistent giardiasis.

The specific anti-plasma membrane- or surface-specific serum antibodies to Mr 82,000 antigen of Giardia lamblia trophozoites in cases of persistent and nonpersistent giardiasis in a pediatric population indicated significantly low concentrations of these antibodies in patients with persistent giardiasis. There was an insignificant difference in the amount of antibodies to whole trophozoite extract in persistent and nonpersistent giardiasis or asymptomatic carriers. The acute/nonpersistent cases had predominantly IgM class antigiardial antibodies, whereas persistent and asymptomatic carriers had antigiardial antibodies of the IgG class. The inability of persistent cases of giardiasis to clear infection appears to be related to low concentrations of antiplasma membrane/anti-Mr 82,000 antigiardial antibodies.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Disposition of sulphadiazine in young rhesus monkeys with protein calorie malnutrition.

Disposition of sulphadiazine was assessed in young rhesus monkeys under three stages of nutritional manipulations i.e. control, protein calorie malnutrition (PCM) state and following nutritional rehabilitation. There was no alteration in the absorption kinetics except a delayed peak in the malnourished group. A decrease in volume of distribution of drug in the peripheral compartment was noted. The most significant changes observed was in the elimination kinetic parameter. The (Ke) elimination rate constant and the clearance rate showed a significant decrease which could be either because of decreased rate of acetylation or a decrease volume of distribution.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Ultrastructure and activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism of skeletal muscle in experimental energy deficiency.

The ultrastructure of skeletal muscle and activity of some enzymes of energy metabolism were studied to assess the effect of a deficiency of dietary energy and subsequent nutritional rehabilitation in 24 young, growing, healthy rhesus monkeys. Electron microscopy of muscles on energy-deficient animals showed thinning of myofibrils with widening of interfibrillar space and enlargement and accumulation of mitochondria at subsarcolemmal level. There was an apparent significant reduction in the fiber size. Muscle samples from each animal were analyzed for enzymes representative of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase [PFK] and lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], citric-acid cycle (isocitric dehydrogenase [ICDH] and citrate synthase [CS] and regeneration of ATP (creatine kinase [CK]. PFK and LDH activities were significantly augmented in energy-deficient animals. The increase in LDH activity resulted from a large increase in MU (skeletal muscle) LDH subunit. The activities of CS and ICDH were reduced. No alteration of CK in muscle and serum was observed. The morphological structure and enzyme activities returned to normal after nutritional rehabilitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Induction of protective immunity to experimental hepatic amoebic infection in hamsters.

Immunisation of hamsters with the Sephadex G-200 chromatographed Fraction-I of the crude amoebic extract afforded protection in 58% of the animals against an intrahepatic challenge with a virulent subline of axenic Entamoeba histolytica NIH-200 (V). The protected animals had variable levels of anti-FI antiamoebic antibodies, while none of the infected controls had such antibodies. Findings suggest that chromatographed FI of crude amoebic extract might function as a potent immunogen affording protection in amoebic infection.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Monitoring of phenobarbitone in epileptic children.

Seventy-five children with different nutritional status, who were receiving phenobarbitone for treatment of various seizure disorders, were monitored for their plasma steady state level, therapeutic efficacy and toxicity. A wide inter individual variation in the steady state level was observed. About 10 percent of them had subtherapeutic level, while nearly 30 percent of them had potentially toxic levels, the remaining were within therapeutic range of 10-25 micrograms/ml. Poor compliance was found to be an important contributing factor for the variations in the level. Steady state levels were significantly higher in children with grade II protein energy malnutrition (PEM) than normally nourished children. A good correlation existed between plasma drug level and therapeutic response in nearly 60 percent of the children. Clinical toxicity was observed in nearly two thirds of the children, sedation and behavioral problems being the most common. The importance of monitoring the drug level is discussed for the proper management of epileptic children.

Child↗
PubMed1987

Monitoring of drug therapy in epileptic children.

Twenty children who were receiving phenytoin either alone or in combination with phenobarbitone, were monitored for their plasma steady state levels. A wide interindividual variation was observed in steady state plasma levels. Among children who were receiving only phenytoin, nearly 50% had drug levels above 10 micrograms/ml. It was observed that children with drug levels above 10 micrograms/ml exhibited good therapeutic response. Two children who were presented with acute toxicity showed drug levels above 40 micrograms/ml. Children receiving combination of phenytoin and phenobarbitone showed extreme degree of variation in drug levels which was reflective of drug interaction. In view of the wide interindividual variation in level of phenytoin and the unpredictability of interaction with other anticonvulsants, the monitoring of drug levels become mandatory.

Child↗
PubMed1986

Specific circulating immune complexes in amoebic liver abscess.

A micro enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect the presence of amoebic antigen in polyethylene-glycol-precipitated circulating immune complexes (CIC). A cutoff dilution of greater than 1:160 for the precipitates was taken to be of clinical significance. Among the patients with amoebic liver abscess, 93% (14 of 15 confirmed cases) had indications of amoebic antigen in CIC. In 57% of the suspected cases of amoebic liver abscess, amoebic antigen could be detected in CIC. The specificity of the technique for the demonstration of specific amoebic antigen is indicated by the undetectable levels of amoebic antigen in CIC in serum samples from nine cases of nonamoebic hepatic diseases and 10 apparently healthy subjects. It is thus believed that the specific diagnosis of an individual case of amoebic liver abscess can be made by demonstrating specific amoebic antigen in CIC.

Antibodies↗