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C L Galli

Publications and source records attributed to C L Galli.

113 records · Page 7Linked to original sources
PubMedDate not supplied

Hazard identification by methods of animal-based toxicology.

This paper is one of several prepared under the project "Food Safety In Europe: Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food and Diet" (FOSIE), a European Commission Concerted Action Programme, organised by the International Life Sciences Institute, Europe (ILSI). The aim of the FOSIE project is to review the current state of the science of risk assessment of chemicals in food and diet, by consideration of the four stages of risk assessment, that is, hazard identification, hazard characterisation, exposure assessment and risk characterisation. The contribution of animal-based methods in toxicology to hazard identification of chemicals in food and diet is discussed. The importance of first applying existing technical and chemical knowledge to the design of safety testing programs for food chemicals is emphasised. There is consideration of the presently available and commonly used toxicity testing approaches and methodologies, including acute and repeated dose toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, immunotoxicity and food allergy. They are considered from the perspective of whether they are appropriate for assessing food chemicals and whether they are adequate to detect currently known or anticipated hazards from food. Gaps in knowledge and future research needs are identified; research on these could lead to improvements in the methods of hazard identification for food chemicals. The potential impact of some emerging techniques and toxicological issues on hazard identification for food chemicals, such as new measurement techniques, the use of transgenic animals, assessment of hormone balance and the possibilities for conducting studies in which common human diseases have been modelled, is also considered.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Identification of [14C]carmoisine metabolites in bacterial suspension of rat faeces.

An in vitro system consisting of a bacterial suspension of human or rat faecal microflora brought about the biological reduction of the red azo dye [14C]carmoisine to 1-naphthyl-amine-4-sulphonic acid (NA) and 2-amino-1-naphthol-4-sulphonic acid (ANA). These metabolites have been unequivocally identified by radio-HPLC, spectroscopic methods, dilution with cold authentic standards and evidence that the specific activity of the diluted compounds remained constant throughout repeated crystallization, acetylation and purification. The results clearly indicated that samples derived from anaerobic incubations have to be processed for analysis in the complete absence of oxygen. In the presence of oxygen, the formation of a complex pattern of compounds in addition to NA was observed as a consequence of the chemical decomposition of ANA.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Formaldehyde and hexamethylenetetramine as food additives: chemical interactions and toxicology.

Formaldehyde (FA) and hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) are used in cheese production to control gas-forming clostridia; FA also occurs naturally in some foods at levels of 1-20 mg/kg. The toxicology of FA and HMT are briefly discussed together with their reaction in foods. The most abundant end-product of FA in cheese is spinacine derived from the N-terminal histidine residue in gamma 2-casein. Acute and short term toxicological studies on spinacine enable a No Observed Effect Level of 300 mg/kg body weight/day to be determined, leading to an Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) for man of 3 mg/kg body weight/day. From these data a Tolerance Level (TL) of 1800 mg spinacine/kg cheese can be derived, leading to a Safety Margin (SM) of 12.9. It is concluded that there is no appreciable health risk from consumption of cheese made using formaldehyde (Grana Padano) or hexamethylenetetramine (Provolone).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Assessment of cumulative risk of mixtures with multiple target organs].

Humans are exposed to very complex environmental mixtures. In contrast to this reality, most laboratory investigations of mixtures, with exception of mutagenicity assays, have focused on mixtures comprised of a few chemicals. Component-based approaches that use information on the individual chemical contained in the mixture are not by themselves sufficient for complex, environmental mixtures because significant portions of the mixtures mass are unidentified. Assessment of the cumulative risk posed by exposure to multiple chemicals is a problem the USEPA's and FDA's program discuss regularly. In USA the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 directs the Office of Pesticide Programs to include in its assessments the risk associated with the cumulative effects of pesticides that have a common mode of action. organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been the first class addressed, based on the common mechanism of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Interestingly toxicity studies focussing on component-based analysis of mixtures indicated that for chemicals not sharing the same target and mechanism, the type of combined action or interaction found when each chemical in the mixture was present at clearly toxic effect levels did not predict the response observed when each chemical was present at or below the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL). Moreover, mixtures of chemicals produced toxicity only for those chemicals that showed the same toxic effect on the same target organ when given singly at dose above the LOAEL values. However, end-points chosen in routine toxicity studies do not offer a wide dynamic range of testable, significant responses around and above the NOAEL. So far sensitive methods that detect low level changes have not yet been employed in mixtures testing protocol. Toxicogenomics integrated functional genomics with classical toxicology and we believe that it has great potential to revolutionize mixtures research.

Environmental Exposure↗