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Biomedical subjects

C M Butler

Publications and source records attributed to C M Butler.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

The Fell pony immunodeficiency syndrome also occurs in the Netherlands: a review and six cases.

Over the last ten years a fatal syndrome associated with immunodeficiency and severe anaemia has been reported in young Fell pony foals in the UK. Affected foals are usually normal at birth but from the age of 2-4 weeks they progressively lose condition and become severely anaemic. Signs of immunodeficiency become apparent at around 3-4 weeks of age. Morbidity is low but mortality is 100% despite intensive treatment. Affected foals die or are euthanized usually before they reach the age of 3 months. A single autosomal recessive gene is suggested to be on the basis of the syndrome. Recently, affected Fell pony foals have been identified in the Netherlands and between June 2003 and August 2005, six affected Fell pony foals were referred to the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine for investigation.

Anemia↗
PubMed2005

[A literature review of equine piroplasmosis after an episode of acute babesiosis in a Dutch Standardbred foal after a stay in Normandy].

Piroplasmosis, a disease endemic to most tropical and subtropical areas, appears to be spreading to more temperate zones. This article gives a review of equine piroplasmosis and describes an acute case of infection with Babesia caballi in a Dutch Standard bred foal after a short stay at a stud in Normandy (France). A 3-month-old stallion foal was presented with lethargy, fever of 41 degrees C, and pale mucosal membranes. Haematology revealed a low packed cell volume (14 l/l) leucytosis (25 G/l) and a high blood urea nitrogen concentration (20.1mmol/l). Infection with B. caballi was diagnosed on the basis of Giemsa staining blood smears and was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction in combination with RLB. Treatment with imidocarb dipropionate and a blood transfusion resolved the haemolytic crisis.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Borrelia burgdorferi infections with special reference to horses. A review.

This review discusses the literature on B. burgdorferi infections in view of the rising incidence of this infection in general and the increasing concerns of horse owners and equine practitioners. Lyme disease, the clinical expression of Borrelia infections in man is an important health problem. The geographic distribution of B. burgdorferi infections in equidae should resemble that of human cases because the vector tick involved, Ixodes ricinus, feeds on both species and, indeed, the infection has been established many times in horses. However, a definite diagnosis of the disease "Lyme borreliosis" in human beings as well as in horses and other animals is often difficult to accomplish. Although a broad spectrum of clinical signs has been attributed to B. burgdorferi infections in horses, indisputable cases of equine Lyme borreliosis are extremely rare so far, if they exist at all.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Incarcerated umbilical hernia in the horse: a case with a review of the literature].

Umbilical hernias are common in foals. This article provides a review of the literature and presents a case of an 1.5-year-old Friesian mare with an incarcerated umbilical hernia. After reposition of the incarcerated intestine (with a lot of effort), the practising veterinarian referred the mare to the Department of Equine Sciences. Preperforative peritonitis was diagnosed, presumed to be caused by necrotic bowel. After laparotomy, this tentative diagnosis was confirmed. The necrotic part of the small intestine was resected and intensive medical treatment was started. Initially, the mare recovered well, but seven days after surgery her general condition deteriorated and she had to be euthanized. At necropsy, impaction of the stomach and rupture of the stomach wall were found. The impaction was probably a result of the generalized peritonitis.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Development of the penis and clitoris in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii.

The development of the phallus from the indifferent stage to sexual dimorphism has not been described in any marsupial. This study describes the morphological and histological changes occurring in the development of the phallus of the tammar wallaby. The development of the penis and clitoris in the tammar closely follow the most widely accepted model for the development of the same organs in eutherian mammals. The urogenital plate that is present in both sexes at birth hollows out to form a urogenital groove at approximately 70 days postpartum (p.p.). There is then greater growth of the phallus in males than in females, which results in sexual dimorphism in length approximately 100 days p.p. In males, the urogenital groove secondarily closes over at this time and fuses in the midline and by 128 days p.p. the penile urethra is fully formed. In females, the groove remains open. The clitoris changes little morphologically from the time of formation of the urogenital groove until adulthood. The pattern of development of the penis in the tammar is similar to that seen in eutherian mammals. There is strong evidence that penis development is androgen-dependent in the tammar, yet unusually it becomes sexually dimorphic at a time when androgen content of the developing testis is low.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Developmental expression of the androgen receptor during virilization of the urogenital system of a marsupial.

In the marsupial tammar wallaby, virilization begins approximately 3 wk after the onset of testosterone synthesis. In the eutherian mammal, in contrast, the onset of virilization of the male urogenital tract occurs shortly after the onset of androgen synthesis. Androgen action requires the presence of the androgen receptor to mediate a response in target tissues. We therefore investigated the developmental expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in both sexes of the tammar wallaby. AR gene transcript was detected in fetal gonad and brain as early as Day 19 of the 26.5-day gestation, 7 days earlier than the first rise in testicular testosterone (Days 0-5 postpartum [p.p.]). Immunoreactive AR was identified in the male urogenital sinus (UGS) 2 days before birth and in the female UGS and mammary glands by the day of birth. AR was present in the UGS, vagina, and prostate until Day 152 p.p., the oldest age examined. AR was identified in the gubernaculum testis at Day 2 p.p. and became more abundant by Day 32. In the phallus of both sexes, AR was identified by Day 4 p.p. and until Day 157, the oldest age examined. AR was not detected in the scrotum at any age from the day of birth to Day 157. Maturation of the phallus, wolffian duct, and epididymis was marked by appearance of epithelial immunostaining. AR was localized in the epithelium of the UGS in females by Day 50 p.p. but was not found in the epithelium of the male UGS up to Day 152 p.p., the oldest examined. AR were found in the mesenchyme of the UGS of male and female tammars 3-4 wk before virilization is first evident in the male at Day 25 p.p. We conclude that the presence of AR is not the initiating signal for virilization of the UGS in this marsupial male.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

The influence of the anti-androgen flutamide on early sexual differentiation of the marsupial male.

The development of the prostate and the normal descent of the testes in the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii) were influenced by treatment with the non-steroidal anti-androgen flutamide. Male pouch young were treated daily from day 9 to day 45, or from day 20 to day 45, of pouch life. Prostate development was inhibited in both treatment groups to a similar extent. Since prostatic buds do not form until day 25 of pouch life, these results suggest that there is a window of androgen sensitivity operating between day 20 and day 25 of pouch life. The number of prostatic buds was significantly lower, but despite the duration of treatment there was never complete abolition of prostate development. Although testes had descended to the same position in treated and control pouch young, inguinal hernias developed in three of four animals treated with flutamide from day 9. These data demonstrate that virilization of the male reproductive tract in this marsupial is dependent on a relatively brief exposure to androgens. Blocking androgen receptor action interferes with normal development of the inguinal canal, which suggests that it is this aspect of inguinoscrotal testicular descent that is androgen dependent.

Androgen Antagonists↗
PubMed1994

Microcirculatory aspects of venous ulceration.

BACKGROUND: Articles were identified from a literature search based on Index Medicus from 1983 onwards with additional, as yet, unpublished data obtained directly from ongoing research at The Middlesex Hospital Vascular Laboratory. Original scientific articles were selected if they addressed the mechanisms causing venous ulceration in relation to the events in the microcirculation. OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanisms proposed recently to explain the pathogenesis of venous ulceration. RESULTS: Recent data suggest that there is a systemic inflammatory response associated with the presence of venous disease in the lower limb, as indicated by measuring plasma neutrophil elastase and lactoferrin. In volunteers without venous disease white cell activation may be produced by experimental venous hypertension lasting 30 minutes, produced by applying a venous tourniquet to the lower limb or by standing without moving for 30 minutes. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory mechanisms play a significant role in the pathogenesis of venous disease but the exact mechanisms producing venous ulceration remain to be elucidated.

Humans↗
PubMed1992

Vascular reconstruction at the groin: oblique or vertical incisions?

Incisions for vascular access at the groin are usually vertical. Because such incisions cross the moist skin-crease area and disrupt lymphatics, they may be more prone to infection than oblique incisions placed above and parallel to the groin crease. To determine whether this was the case, 149 patients undergoing vascular reconstruction through a groin incision over a period of 30 months were studied. Those with previous groin incisions were excluded, and where an incision was necessary in both groins, each wound was studied separately. Over a 10-day postoperative period 5 of 85 vertical wounds developed infection with purulent discharge, whereas no oblique wounds (n = 82) became infected (P = 0.032). Oblique incisions for vascular access at the groin are associated with a decreased incidence of wound infection compared with conventional vertical incisions.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Light reflection rheography: an effective non-invasive technique for screening patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis.

Light reflection rheography is a simple non-invasive technique for assessing venous function in the leg. One hundred and twenty-four patients referred for venography with a clinically suspected deep venous thrombosis were investigated by light reflection rheography to determine the accuracy of the technique in diagnosing acute thrombosis. In half of the patients venography confirmed a deep venous thrombosis. Light reflection rheography had a sensitivity of 92 per cent and a specificity of 84 per cent in detecting acute thrombosis. The technique had a negative predictive value of 92 per cent in selecting those patients with no thrombosis. Light reflection rheography can be performed at the bedside or in the radiography department which makes it a suitable technique for screening patients with suspected deep venous thrombosis.

Female↗
PubMed1987

The effect of adjuvant oxygen therapy on transcutaneous pO2 and healing in the below-knee amputee.

The effects on tissue oxygenation of postoperative adjuvant oxygen have been studied in a group of 20 patients undergoing below-knee (BK) amputation for vascular disease. Ten patients received no therapy, the remainder receiving 28% oxygen for 48 hours following surgery. The results showed that the transcutaneous pO2 in the amputation flaps fell significantly by some 20 mmHg (p less than 0.01) following surgery and that this fall was prevented by the use of adjuvant oxygen. The fall was not observed in the non-amputated limbs. TcpO2 took almost two weeks to reach its pre-operative levels in the amputated limbs. The effect on stump healing of adjuvant oxygen therapy was investigated in a randomized controlled trial in a series of 39 patients undergoing BK amputation. There were 22 patients in the control (untreated) group and 17 in the treated group (adjuvant oxygen for 48 hours). In the treated group 14 patients healed primarily and three amputations failed. In the untreated group 14 limbs healed primarily, one secondarily and there were 7 failures. The pre-operative transcutaneous values in the stumps which failed (26 mmHg +/- 14) was significantly lower (p less than 0.005) than in those which healed (40 mmHg +/- 9). The mean pre-operative TcpO2 in the patients in whom healing occurred in the treated group (35 mmHg +/- 10) was significantly lower (p less than 0.001) than the mean pressure observed in the untreated group (44 mmHg +/- 9).

Aged↗
PubMed1982

A simplified in vivo autoradiographic strategy for the determination of regional cerebral blood flow by positron emission tomography: theoretical considerations and validation studies in the rat.

A simplified mathematical model is described for the measurement of regional cerebral blood flow by positron emission tomography in man, based on a modification of the autoradiographic strategy originally developed for experimental animal studies. A modified ramp intravenous infusion of radiolabeled tracer is used; this results in a monotonically increasing curvilinear arterial activity curve that may be accurately described by a polynomial of low degree (= zeta). Integrated cranial activity CB is measured in regions of interest during the latter portion of the tracer infusion period (times T1 to T2). It is shown that (See formula: text) where each of the terms A chi is a readily evaluated function of the blood flow rate constant kappa, the brain:blood partition coefficient for the tracer, the cranial activity integration limits T1 and T2, the coefficients of the polynomial describing the arterial curve, and an iteration factor n that is chosen to yield the desired degree of precision. This relationship permits generation of a table of CB vs. kappa, thus facilitating on-line computer solution for blood flow. This in vivo autoradiographic paradigm was validated in a series of rats by comparing it to the classical autoradiographic strategy developed by Kety and associates. Excellent agreement was demonstrated between blood flow values obtained by the two methods: CBF in vivo = CBF classical X 0.99 - 0.02 (units in ml g-1 min-1; correlation coefficient r = 0.966).

Animals↗