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Biomedical subjects

C M Kihamia

Publications and source records attributed to C M Kihamia.

30 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Concentrations of chloroquine and desethylchloroquine in capillary blood dried on filter paper during and after treatment of Tanzanian children infected with Plasmodium falciparum.

Chloroquine and desethylchloroquine concentrations were determined in capillary whole blood dried on filter paper. The samples were obtained from 20 Tanzanian children before, during and after standard treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria with a total dose of 25 mg chloroquine base/kg. Samples were obtained before each dose and then daily up to one week after initiation of treatment. Chloroquine concentrations were consistently above 1.0 micromol/L only on the day after termination of treatment. The inter-individual range of area under the curve (AUC) was 5.6 fold for chloroquine and 8.8 fold for desethylchloroquine. The AUC and elimination time of chloroquine and desethyl-chloroquine was less than the median in two children with persisting parasitemia despite treatment. Thus, pharmaco-kinetics of chloroquine in the individual might be important to consider when P. falciparum parasites are classified in different categories of resistance.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Tests of susceptibility of Liberian Culex quinquefasciatus to Tanzanian Wuchereria bancrofti.

Culex quinquefasciatus strains of Liberian and Tanzanian origin were fed on Tanzanian donors with Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemias. 11 to 17 days later the mosquitoes were dissected and scored for the presence and numbers of immature and mature filarial larvae. In one experiment a significantly lower susceptibility was found in a Liberian compared with a Tanzanian strain, but in the other cases there was no significant difference. The susceptibility of the Liberian strains was higher than in published data on the same mosquito strains tested with Liberian W. bancrofti. It is doubtful whether the Liberian mosquito strains could be a useful source of genes for the construction of a refractory strain with which to replace an East African vector population.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Ascaris and growth rates: a randomized trial of treatment.

Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian preschool children were randomly assigned to levamisole or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one-year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children treated with levamisole than in those receiving placebo (p = .03). The rate of height gain was no different for treatment and placebo groups.

Ascariasis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Standard and reduced doses of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for treatment of Plasmodium falciparum in Tanzania, with determination of drug concentrations and susceptibility in vitro.

88 asymptomatic Tanzanian schoolchildren with Plasmodium falciparum parasitaemia were given all, half or quarter of the recommended standard therapeutic dose of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (Fansidar). All children cleared the parasites by day 3 and all remained negative during 28-42 days of follow-up. All 32 successful in vitro micro-tests showed full sensitivity. High performance liquid chromatographic methods were applied for drug determinations. Using 100 microliter capillary blood dried on filter paper for sulfadoxine determination the inter-individual variation during follow-up of the standard dose group was 2-4 fold and the median half life was 8.9 d. Sulfadoxine concentrations in the half and quarter dose groups were roughly proportional to those in the standard dose group. The median whole blood to plasma concentration ratio for sulfadoxine was 0.72 and the correlation coefficient 0.95. There was only a weak correlation (r=0.46) between plasma concentrations of sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine. The uniform efficacy of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in vivo, even when reduced doses were used, makes this combination a good alternative for treatment of P. falciparum in Tanzania.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Potential for diagnosis of intestinal nematode infections through antibody detection in saliva.

The present study was the first to investigate the potential of saliva in community diagnosis of the major human intestinal nematode infections, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, and the hookworms. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies specific to parasite antigens were quantified in saliva samples of 187 individuals (all ages) from a St Lucian community, and 120 school-aged children from Tanga region, Tanzania, and relationships with current infection status (determined by numbers of parasite eggs in stool) were examined. For T. trichiura infection, the age relationships of parasite-specific salivary IgG antibodies mirrored those of infection intensity at the community level. Within both areas, children with current T. trichiura infection exhibited significantly higher anti-T. trichiura salivary IgG responses than uninfected children. Similar trends were apparent for A. lumbricoides and hookworm infections, though not to a level of statistical significance. Comparison of mean T. trichiura infection levels and antibody responses in age-matched children from St Lucia and Tanzania suggested that measurement of parasite-specific salivary IgG may have potential as a marker of transmission intensity at the community level.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Multiple dose pharmacokinetics of oral artemisinin and comparison of its efficacy with that of oral artesunate in falciparum malaria patients.

The study compared the clinical efficacy and safety of oral artemisinin and oral artesunate as well as artemisinin pharmacokinetics during and after resolution of falciparum malaria. Forty adults with symptomatic falciparum malaria were allocated at random to treatment with either oral artemisinin (500 mg single dose on day 1 followed by 250 mg twice daily for 4 d and then another 500 mg single dose on day 6) or with oral artesunate (100 mg single dose on day 1 followed by 50 mg twice daily for 5 d). Patients were admitted to hospital at the Kibaha Designated District Hospital, Kibaha, Tanzania for the duration of treatment. The patients were seen once weekly for 3 more weeks. The time to parasite clearance (PCT) after oral artesunate (26.4 +/- 3.6 h) was shorter (P = 0.002) than after artemisinin (31 +/- 3.6 h). The fever subsidence time (FST) after oral artesunate (18.9 +/- 4.0 h) was also shorter (P = 0.04) than after artemisinin (21.8 +/- 4.6 h). Parasites were detected in 4 (20%) and 7 (35%) patients after completing treatment with artesunate and artemisinin respectively. In these patients the parasitaemia reappeared at the 3rd or 4th week of follow-up. Standard haematology, blood biochemistry and urinalysis, performed before drug intake and again on days 6 and 14, were normal. No clinical abnormality was observed during the study period. Artemisinin plasma concentrations, determined by high performance liquid chromatography with post-column derivatization and detection by ultraviolet light, were followed up to 8 h after drug administration on days 1 and 6. Artemisinin absorption was rapid, the maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax) being attained at about 3 h. Artemisinin areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the Cmax values were about 6 times higher after the first dose on day 1 than on day 6. This decrease in artemisinin plasma concentration is suggestive of an increase in metabolic capacity due to pronounced autoinduction.

Administration, Oral↗