An evaluation of ampicillin pharmacokinetics and toxicity in guinea pigs.
Sodium ampicillin was administered subcutaneously to 350-550 g male Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs at doses of 6, 8 and 10 mg/kg tid for 5 days. Over a period of 12 days, the lowest ampicillin dose appeared to be tolerated well. However, significant body weight reduction and mortality occurred with the two higher dosage regimens. Cecal cultures of dead animals confirmed the presence of Clostridium difficile, an organism associated with antibiotic-induced enterotoxemia. Assay of serum collected from ampicillin-treated animals revealed ampicillin concentrations of approximately 10 micrograms/ml at 5 minutes post-dosing which fell precipitously to less than 0.2 micrograms/ml at 60 minutes. Determination of biliary ampicillin levels during the 60 minutes after administration of a single 10 mg/kg SQ dose revealed concentrations ranging from 18 micrograms/ml to 90 micrograms/ml. Estimates of total urinary ampicillin content after a single 10 mg/kg SQ dose were less than 500 micrograms/animal at 7.5 minutes, but increased to greater than 2000 micrograms/animal at 60 minutes after dosing. Results of this study indicated that due to its short serum half-life, sodium ampicillin probably has little systemic therapeutic efficacy in guinea pigs. Because high concentrations of ampicillin accumulated in the urine and bile, the antibiotic probably would have therapeutic efficacy for urinary and intestinal infections. However, its associated toxicity at large doses probably precludes its use. In view of the rapid clearance of ampicillin in guinea pigs in comparison to other species, the pharmacokinetics of other antibiotics, especially those reported to be less toxic for guinea pigs, should be considered.