Biomedical subjects

C M Parsons

Publications and source records attributed to C M Parsons.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources

PubMed2006

Effects of dietary ingredients and Eimeria acervulina infection on chick performance, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility.

In each of three 2-wk experiments, chicks were inoculated on d 9 or 11 with 5.0 x 10(5) Eimeria acervulina sporulated oocysts (acute infection) or on d 9, 12, 15, and 18 with 1.5 x 10(5) sporulated oocysts (chronic infection). In Experiment 1, both fish meal (15%) and GroBiotic-P (GB; International Ingredient Corporation, St. Louis, MO; 5%) diets completely ameliorated the negative effects of acute and chronic coccidiosis infection on growth performance of crossbred chicks. The acute coccidiosis infection greatly reduced MEn and amino acid (AA) digestibility, and the magnitude of response varied with the timing of excreta collection after inoculation. Both fish meal and GB diets ameliorated the large negative effects of coccidiosis infection on MEn and AA digestibility. In Experiment 2, a wheat-barley-pectin diet and acute coccidiosis infection depressed crossbred chick BW gain, AA digestibility, and MEn in comparison with a corn-soybean meal diet; there generally were no interactions between diet type and coccidiosis infection. In Experiment 3, using commercial broiler chicks, diets containing 2 to 6% GB did not improve the growth performance of coccidiosis-infected chicks, but they did improve the growth of the noninfected chicks. The results of this study indicate that coccidiosis infection (E. acervulina) reduces MEn and AA digestibility in chicks and that the coccidiosis effect is influenced by diet composition, type of infection (acute vs. chronic), and timing of excreta collection.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2006

Effect of microbial phytase and citric acid on phosphorus bioavailability, apparent metabolizable energy, and amino acid digestibility in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks.

Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of OptiPhos phytase and citric acid for releasing the P that is not bioavailable in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). The effect of OptiPhos phytate on AME(n) and amino acid digestibility was also determined. New Hampshire x Columbian chicks were fed experimental diets from 8 to 21 d of age. For Experiment 1, a basal P-deficient diet contained 40% DDGS plus supplemental amino acids, and DDGS was the only source of P. The basal diet was then supplemented with 1,000 or 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of OptiPhos phytase or with 0.2% of P from KH2PO4. In Experiment 2, a slope-ratio chick growth and tibia ash assay used a P-deficient soybean meal basal diet, and it was found that the bioavailability of P in DDGS was 67%. For Experiment 3, a P-deficient basal diet with 30% DDGS plus supplemental amino acids was supplemented with 0.05 or 0.1% P from KH2PO4, with 3% citric acid, or with 1,000 or 10,000 FTU/kg of OptiPhos phytase. In Experiment 1, both 1,000 and 10,000 FTU/kg of phytase increased tibia ash but had no effect on AME(n). Both 10,000 phytase units (FTU)/kg of phytase and supplemental P increased digestibility of amino acids. In Experiment 3, supplemental phytase and citric acid increased tibia ash (mg/tibia), and it was estimated that phytase and citric acid could release from 0.04 to 0.07% P from DDGS. In terms of bioavailability coefficients, the bioavailability of the P in DDGS was increased from 62 to 72%. These results indicate that phytase and citric acid increase the bioavailability of P in DDGS, but phytase at 1,000 FTU/kg had no consistent effect on AME(n) and amino acid digestibility.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed2006

Effect of reciprocating dietary lysine fluctuations on chick growth and carcass yield.

Three experiments (Exp) were conducted to study the effect of reciprocating (i.e., back-and-forth) fluctuations in dietary Lys concentration on growth performance of male broiler chicks. The Lys, CP, and ME concentrations were fluctuated in Exp 1 by varying corn and soybean meal concentrations. Corn-peanut meal diets in Exp 2 and 3 contained a constant calorie-protein ratio, but Lys concentrations were fluctuated by varying supplemental L-Lys x HCl. During 7-d feeding periods from d 8 to 43 posthatch, chicks fed the fluctuating regimen were provided diets with nutrient concentrations arranged in the following order (relative to control diets at any given point): excess-deficient-excess-deficient-adequate. In each Exp, differences in feed intake and gain:feed were observed during the first 7 d. Weight gain was never affected by dietary regimen. Overall, chicks fed the fluctuating regimen showed similar weight gain and feed intakes relative to chicks fed the control regimen. Additionally, efficiency of feed, Lys, CP, and ME utilization over the 35-d growth period of Exp 2 and 3 were not affected by dietary regimen. An increase in carcass yield (dressed, carcass weight as a percentage of live weight) of birds fed the fluctuating regimen was observed, but there were no differences in abdominal fat yield (as a percentage of dressed, carcass weight). These data support the conclusion that reciprocating 7-d periods of nutrient excess and deficiency do not affect overall growth performance of growing chicks.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed2006

Evaluation of the inclusion of soybean oil and soybean processing by-products to soybean meal on nutrient composition and digestibility in swine and poultry.

This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of selected soybean (SB) processing byproducts (gums, oil, soapstock, weeds/trash) when added back to soybean meal (SBM) during processing on the resulting nutrient composition, protein quality, nutrient digestibility by swine, and true metabolizable energy (TMEn) content and standardized AA digestibility by poultry. To measure ileal DM and nutrient digestibility, pigs were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum. The concentration of TMEn and the standardized AA digestibility by poultry were determined using the precision fed cecectomized rooster assay. Treatments in the swine experiment included SBM with no by-products; SBM with 1% gum; SBM with 3% gum; SBM with 0.5% soapstock; SBM with 1.5% soapstock; SBM with 2% weeds/trash; SBM with a combination of 3% gum, 1.5% soapstock, and 2% weeds/trash; SBM with 5.4% soybean oil; and roasted SB. A 10 x 10 Latin square design was utilized. The experiment was conducted at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and at The Ohio State University, Columbus. In the swine experiment, apparent ileal DM, OM, CP, and AA digestibilities were reduced (P < 0.05) when pigs consumed the combination by-product diet compared with the diet containing no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, CP, and total essential, total nonessential, and total AA were lower (P < 0.05) for any diet containing by-products compared with the diet with no by-products. Apparent ileal digestibilities of DM, OM, CP, and AA were lower (P < 0.05) for the roasted SB-compared with the SB oil-containing diet. In the rooster experiment, TMEn values were greater (P < 0.05) for roasted SB compared with SBM with no by-products and increased linearly as the addition of soapstock increased. Individual, total essential, total nonessential, and total AA digestibilities were lower (P < 0.05) for roosters fed roasted SB versus SBM devoid of by-products. Gums, soapstock, and weeds/trash reduce the nutritive value of the resultant meal when they are added back during processing.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2006

Fish meals, fish components, and fish protein hydrolysates as potential ingredients in pet foods.

An experiment to determine the chemical composition and protein quality of 13 fish substrates (pollock by-products, n = 5; fish protein hydrolysates, n = 5; and fish meals, n = 3) was conducted. Two of these substrates, salmon protein hydrolysate (SPH) and salmon meal with crushed bones (SMB), were used to determine their palatability as components of dog diets. Pollock by-products differed in concentrations of CP, crude fat, and total AA by 71, 79, and 71%, respectively, and GE by 4.1 kcal/g. Fish protein hydrolysates and fish meals were less variable (approximately 18, 14, and 17%, and 1.4 kcal/g, respectively). Biogenic amine concentrations were much higher in fish protein hydrolysates as compared with pollock by-products and fish meals. Pollock liver and viscera had the highest total fatty acid concentrations; however, red salmon hydrolysate and SMB had the highest total PUFA concentrations (49.63 and 48.60 mg/g, respectively). Salmon protein hydrolysate had the highest protein solubility in 0.2% KOH. Based on calculations using immobilized digestive enzyme assay values, lysine digestibility of fish meal substrates was comparable to in vivo cecectomized rooster assay values and averaged approximately 90.3%. Also, pollock milt, pollock viscera, red salmon hydrolysate, and sole hydrolysate had comparable values as assessed by immobilized digestive enzyme assay and rooster assays. A chick protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay compared SMB and SPH to a whole egg meal control and showed that SMB had high protein quality (PER = 3.5), whereas SPH had poor protein quality (PER value less than 1.5). However, using whole egg meal as the reference protein, both fish substrates were found to be good protein sources with an essential AA index of 1.0 and 0.9 for SMB and SPH, respectively. In the dog palatability experiments, a chicken-based control diet and 2 diets containing 10% of either SPH or SMB were tested. Dogs consumed more of the SPH diet compared with the control, and similar amounts of the SMB and control diets. The intake ratios for each were 0.73 and 0.52, respectively. Salmon protein hydrolysate was especially palatable to dogs. These data suggest that chemical composition and nutritional quality of fish substrates differ greatly and are affected by the specific part of the fish used to prepare fish meals and fish protein hydrolysates.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2005

Relative bioavailability of phosphorus and true amino acid digestibility by poultry as affected by soybean extraction time and use of low-phytate soybeans.

The objectives of this study were to determine if lengthening the time that soybeans (SB) spend in the extractor during preparation of soybean meal (SBM) results in increased relative bioavailability of phosphorus without negatively impacting true amino acid digestibilities, and to compare those modified SBM with that produced from a low-phytate SB. Three SBM were prepared under uniform conditions with the exception of the length of time SB spent in the extractor [45 min (300 rpm), 60 min (225 rpm), or 90 min (150 rpm)]. A SBM prepared from low-phytate SB was obtained for comparison. Relative phosphorus bioavailability in chicks and true amino acid digestibilities by cecectomized roosters were determined. Increasing the length of time that SB spent in the extractor from 45 to 90 min resulted in lower phytate phosphorus and increased phosphorus bioavailability from 34 to 56%. However, this increase came at the expense of available lysine status, with the SBM extracted for 90 min containing less total lysine and less digestible lysine than the SBM extracted for 45 min (traditional extraction time). Phosphorus bioavailability from SBM prepared from low-phytate SB was 1.5 times higher than for SBM extracted for 45 min. Increasing the length of time that SB spend in the extractor led to an increase in bioavailable phosphorus but a decrease in bioavailable lysine, potentially negating the positive effect on phosphorus.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2005

Effect of supplementing selenium yeast in diets of laying hens on egg selenium content.

An 8-wk experiment was conducted using 90 Hy-Line W-98 hens (26 wk of age) to evaluate the use of organic Se from Se yeast as an Se source for laying hens. At 22 wk of age, the hens were placed on a low Se corn-soybean meal pretest diet for 4 wk. At the end of the pretest period, hens were placed on 1 of 3 experimental treatments; the low Se diet without supplementation (basal diet), basal diet with 0.3 ppm of Se added from sodium selenite, or basal diet with 0.3 ppm of Se added from Se yeast. Diets contained 0.11, 0.38, and 0.34 ppm Se for basal, basal plus sodium selenite, and basal plus Se yeast diets, respectively. The experimental diets were each fed to 10 replicate groups of 3 hens for 8 wk (26 to 34 wk of age). Selenium levels in eggs (mg/kg of whole egg) were analyzed at 0, 4, and 8 wk. Egg Se contents at 0 wk were similar among treatments. Eggs from hens fed the 2 Se-fortified diets had higher (P < 0.01) Se concentrations than did eggs from hens fed the low Se diet at 4 and 8 wk. The Se yeast diet also yielded levels of egg Se that were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those from the sodium selenite diet at 4 and 8 wk. The Se yeast resulted in a 4.8-fold increase in egg Se concentration compared with a 2.8-fold increase for the sodium selenite diet over the unsupplemented diet at 8 wk (0.065, 0.182, and 0.311 ppm for the control, sodium selenite, and Se yeast diets, respectively). There were no differences in egg production, egg weight, feed intake, or mortality among treatments. Results of this study indicate that use of Se yeast in laying hens diets is very effective for increasing the Se content of eggs.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 laying hens respond similarly to dietary phosphorus levels.

Two experiments were conducted to determine if 2 laying hen strains, Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98, would respond similarly to being fed corn-soybean meal diets (17% CP and 3.8% Ca) deficient in nonphytate P (NPP). In experiment 1, 3 diets with varying NPP levels (0.10, 0.14, and 0.45%) were fed to 6 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 20 to 50 wk of age. Body weight, egg weight, egg mass, feed intake, and NPP intake were higher for W-98 hens compared with W-36 hens throughout the 30-wk period. The 0.10% NPP dietary treatment was terminated for both strains at 35 wk of age due to similar low egg production. Within each strain, there was no significant difference in egg production performance for hens fed 0.14% NPP compared with hens fed 0.45% NPP. In experiment 2,3 diets with varying levels of NPP (0.10, 0.13, and 0.45%) were fed to 5 replicate groups of 12 hens of each Hy-Line strain from 95 to 112 wk of age. The 0.10% NPP treatment rapidly and severely depressed egg production and was terminated at 99 wk of age for both strains. In addition, egg production and egg mass were depressed similarly in both strains fed 0.13% NPP. In conclusion, this research indicates that Hy-Line W-36 and Hy-Line W-98 hens responded similarly to dietary NPP deficiency, suggesting that both strains have similar NPP requirements.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2005

The effects of various organic acids on phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks.

Previous research from our laboratory has shown that citric acid improves phytate P utilization in chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if other organic acids also are effective, with an emphasis on gluconic acid. Four experiments were conducted in which 4 replicate groups of 5 crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed a P-deficient diet (0.16% nonphyate P) from 8 to 22 d of age. In Experiment 1, chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 1.5 and 3% sodium gluconate (NaGlu), 1.5% calcium gluconate (CaGlu), 1.5 and 3% glucono-delta-lactone, and 1% 2-hydroxy-4-methylthio butanoic acid (Alimet). In experiment 2, tibia ash was significantly increased (P < 0.05) by 2% NaGlu, CaGlu, and citric acid in chicks fed the P-deficient diet but not in chicks fed a 0.45% nonphytate P diet, indicating that the organic acid responses were due to increased P utilization. In experiments 3 and 4, tibia ash was significantly increased by 3% NaGlu and 3% citric acid, but not by 3% fumaric acid or 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% EDTA. The results of this study showed that NaGlu, CaGlu, glucono-delta-lactone, Alimet, and citric acid, but not fumaric acid or EDTA, improved phytate P utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Citric acid improves phytate phosphorus utilization in crossbred and commercial broiler chicks.

Previous research in our laboratory has shown that citric acid (CA) improves phytate P utilization in New Hampshire x Columbian (NHC) crossbred chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. The current study was conducted to determine if CA is also effective in commercial broiler chicks (Ross x Ross). In 3 experiments, 4 replicate groups of 5 male NHC chicks and male commercial chicks were fed corn-soybean meal diets varying in CA and nonphytate P (NPP) from 8 to 22 d of age. In experiment 1, a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used to evaluate the effect of 2 levels of CA (0 and 3%) and NPP (0.13 and 0.28%) in NHC chicks and commercial chicks. The commercial chicks, but not the NHC chicks, fed the 0.13% NPP diet had to be removed from the experiment after 3 to 5 d due to very poor growth and severe leg problems. Chick weight gain and tibia ash were significantly increased (P < 0.05) by CA in both types of chicks. In experiment 2, the same 2 x 2 x 2 factorial treatment arrangement was again used except that the NPP levels were 0.18 and 0.28%. Tibia ash was increased significantly (P < 0.05) with the addition of CA in both breeds of chicks; response was greater at 0.18% NPP than at 0.28% NPP. In experiment 3, graded levels of CA (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%) were evaluated in commercial chicks fed diets containing 0.18% NPP. Tibia ash increased linearly (P < 0.05) as CA increased from 0 to 4%. The average increase in bone ash resulting from 3% CA supplementation in experiments 2 and 3 was 41%. These results indicate that CA markedly improved phytate P utilization in NHC and Ross x Ross commercial broiler chicks.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Chemical composition, protein quality, palatability, and digestibility of alternative protein sources for dogs.

The chemical composition and protein quality of 11 alternative protein sources (chicken products, blood products, enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, soybean meal, and spray-dried pork liver) were determined, and an experiment was conducted to determine palatability and digestibility of processed red blood cell-containing diets. Chicken protein sources differed in concentrations of CP, acid-hydrolyzed fat, and total AA (TAA) by 20, 31, and 24%, respectively, and GE by 1.7 kcal/g. Blood protein sources varied little in acid-hydrolyzed fat and GE concentrations, but concentrations of CP and TAA differed by 11 and 8%, respectively. Protein solubility of chicken and blood protein source categories averaged 57 and 69%, respectively. Protein solubility of enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, soybean meal, and spray-dried pork liver was 53, 67, and 26%, respectively. Based on calculations from immobilized digestive enzyme assay values, lysine digestibility averaged approximately 80.4 and 81.7% for blood and chicken protein sources, respectively. Lysine digestibility values for soybean meal and spray-dried pork liver were 89 and 77%, respectively. A chick protein efficiency ratio (PER) assay showed that chicken protein sources had high protein quality values, as the PER ranged from 2.7 to 5.3, whereas blood protein sources had poor protein quality (PER values less than 1.5). Enzyme-hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate, spray-dried pork liver, and soybean meal had high protein quality (PER values greater than 2.8). In the dog palatability and digestibility experiments, a corn and chicken-based diet supplemented with either 0 or 3% processed red blood cells was tested. The palatability test showed that dogs consumed more of the diet that contained 0% vs. 3% processed red blood cells. The intake ratio for the 3% processed red blood cells diet was 0.34. Nutrient digestibilities did not differ, except for CP, where the digestibility was greater (P = 0.01) for dogs consuming the 0% processed red blood cells diet. These data suggest that chemical composition and quality of alternative protein sources differ greatly among ingredients within the same category. Palatability data suggest that a processed red blood cells-containing diet is not highly palatable but, when this diet was offered as only one food, dogs demonstrated no aversion response but some decrease in protein digestion.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2004

Tolerance for excess basic zinc chloride and basic copper chloride in chicks.

(1) Four chick experiments were conducted to determine toxicity estimates for basic zinc chloride (BZC) and basic copper chloride (BCC), now being used as sources for these minerals. (2) In experiment 1, New Hampshire x Columbian crossbred chicks were fed 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 and 5000 mg Zn/kg from BZC (Zn5Cl2(OH)8). Broken-line regression analysis showed that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 1720 and 2115 mg Zn/kg, respectively. (3) Crossbred chicks were fed 0, 150, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg Cu/kg from BCC (Cu2(OH)3C) in experiment 2. Regression analysis indicated that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 642 and 781 mg Cu/kg, respectively. (4) In experiment 3, commercial broiler chicks were fed 0, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg supplemental Zn/kg from BZC or 0, 500, 650 and 800 mg supplemental Cu/kg from BCC. Broiler chicks fed those high inclusion rates of Zn did not show reduced weight gain in comparison to chicks fed no supplemental Zn. All high concentrations of supplemental Cu depressed chick weight gain in comparison to control chicks. (5) Experiment 4 involved two separate 4 x 2 factorial designs with supplemental Zn (0, 2500, 3500 and 4500 mg/kg) or Cu (0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) and two breeds of chicks (crossbred and commercial). Significant interactions for weight gain, food intake, gain:food and liver Cu suggested that the crossbred and commercial chicks responded differently to high concentrations of supplementary dietary Cu.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Further evaluation of nonfeed removal methods for molting programs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate several nonfeed removal methods compared with feed removal for induced molting of laying hens. An experiment was conducted using 576 Dekalb White hens (69 wk of age) randomly assigned to 1 of 8 dietary treatments. Two of these treatments consisted of feed removal for 10 d followed by ad libitum access to a 16% CP, corn-soybean meal diet or a 94% corn diet for 18 d. The other 6 treatments provided ad libitum access for 28 d to diets containing 94% corn, 94% wheat middlings (WM), 71% WM: 23% corn, 47% WM: 47% corn, 95% corn gluten feed, and 94% distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). At 28 d, all hens were fed a laying hen diet (16% CP), and production performance was measured for 40 wk. The 2 feed removal treatments resulted in total cessation of egg production within 6 d. Egg production of hens fed the 94% WM, 71% WM: 23% corn, corn, corn gluten feed, and 47% WM: 47% corn diets all decreased to 6% or less by d 12, 16, 19, 20, and 28, respectively. Egg production of hens fed DDGS never decreased below 18%. Body weight loss ranged from 10% (DDGS) to 26% (10-d feed removal), with the other treatments being similar at 17%. No consistent differences were observed among treatments throughout the 40-wk postmolt period for egg production, egg specific gravity, egg weight, egg yield, or feed efficiency. No differences were observed among feed removal treatments versus several nonfeed removal treatments for ovary and oviduct weights and blood heterophil:lymphocyte ratios during the molt period. In addition, interactive social behaviors were not different throughout the molt period between hens fed the 94% WM and those deprived of feed for 10 d. Our results indicate feeding WM, corn, corn gluten feed, and WM:corn diets are effective nonfeed removal methods for molting laying hens.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2004

Minimum phosphorus requirement of one-cycle and two-cycle (molted) hens.

In experiment 1 (one cycle), hens were fed diets containing 0.10, 0.115, 0.125, 0.135, 0.15, or 0.45% available P (AP) from 40 to 56 wk of age, with the last diet being a positive control. Egg production, egg mass, and BW were reduced (P < 0.05) by all lower AP levels except 0.15% AP when compared with the 0.45% AP treatment. In the second experiment (two cycles with a molt), hens were initially fed diets containing 0.10, 0.12, 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, or 0.45% AP from 21 to 63 wk of age. Diets containing 0.10, 0.12, and 0.14% AP were terminated at 35, 39, and 50 wk, respectively, due to low egg production and increased mortality. Hens fed 0.16% AP also had significantly lower production performance than hens fed 0.45% AP during the first cycle. Hens on the 0.16 to 0.45% AP treatments were induced molted at 64 wk of age by 10 d of feed removal. The hens were then returned to the same AP layer diet they had been fed from 21 to 63 wk. For the 68 to 108 wk postmolt second-cycle period, hens fed the 0.16 to 0.20% AP diets (166 to 209 mg/d) had significantly lower egg production, egg mass, and feed efficiency than hens fed 0.45% AP. The results of our study indicated that first-cycle hens required approximately 0.18% AP or 198 mg AP/hen per day, and molted hens in their second cycle had a requirement that was greater than 0.20% AP or 209 mg AP/hen per day.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Content and relative bioavailability of phosphorus in distillers dried grains with solubles in chicks.

Total phosphorus analysis was performed on 20 samples of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and three experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of P in different samples of DDGS varying in Lys digestibility and heat processing (autoclaving). Relative bioavailability of P was estimated from tibia ash using the slope ratio method after chicks were fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with 0.05 or 0.10% P from KH2PO4 or supplemented with 2 levels of the test DDGS (7 to 25%). The mean total P value for the 20 DDGS samples was 0.73 +/- 0.04% (SD), with an average dry matter value of 88 +/- 0.8% (SD). In experiment 1, the bioavailability coefficient for P in a random sample of DDGS relative to KH2PO4 was 69%. In experiment 2, the relative bioavailabilities of P in low digestible Lys DDGS 1, low digestible Lys DDGS 2, and high digestible Lys DDGS 3 were 102, 82 and 75%, respectively (P < 0.05). For experiment 3, the P bioavailability coefficients for a light-colored nonautoclaved DDGS and the same DDGS autoclaved at 121 degrees C and 124 pKa were 75 and 87%, respectively (P < 0.05). Our results showed that the total P content of DDGS was similar to the 0.72% value reported by the NRC (1994), but the relative P bioavailability is higher than the value estimated from NRC (1994) based on table values for total and nonphytate P content. Our results also indicated that there is substantial variability in P bioavailability among different DDGS samples and suggest that increased heat processing may increase the bioavailability of P in DDGS.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Utilization of various carbohydrate sources as affected by age in the chick.

In 3 experiments, New Hampshire x Columbian male chicks were fed carbohydrate-soybean meal (SBM) or casein diets from 0 to 21 d of age, and MEn was determined at 0 to 2, 3 to 4, 7, 14, and 21 d of age. Carbohydrate sources evaluated in experiment 1 were dextrose (D-glucose), conventional cornstarch, dextrinized cornstarch, corn-syrup solids, pregelatinized unmodified cornstarch, pregelatinized tapioca starch, tapioca dextrin, high-amylose starch, and polycose (mixed glucose polymers). Carbohydrate sources evaluated in experiments 2 and 3 were conventional corn, waxy corn, high-oil corn, corn flour, rice flour, dextrose, and sucrose. In experiment 1, chicks fed the dextrose diet had the highest weight gains, and the chicks fed high-amylose starch and pregelatinized unmodified cornstarch diets had the lowest weight gains. The MEn values varied among carbohydrate sources with MEn being highest for the dextrose diet and lowest for the high amylose starch diet. In experiment 2, chicks fed waxy corn, high-oil corn, or dextrose-SBM diets had (P < 0.05) higher growth rates than chicks fed conventional corn, corn flour, or rice flour. The MEn values increased with age for all diets except the dextrose-SBM, which was consistently high at all ages. In experiment 3, the dextrose diets (SBM or casein) yielded higher growth performance and MEn values than the sucrose-diets, and the differences were greater at younger ages. The MEn values were also much higher for the casein than the SBM diets, and MEn of the SBM diets increased with increasing age. The results of this study indicate that MEn, varies among carbohydrate sources and increases with age for most carbohydrate-SBM diets.

Aging↗

PubMed2004

Phytase, citric acid, and 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol improve phytate phosphorus utilization in chicks fed a corn-soybean meal diet.

Previous research from our laboratory has shown that phytase, citric acid, and 1alpha-hydroxycholecalciferol [1alpha-(OH) D3] individually improve phytate P use in young chicks fed a P-deficient corn-soybean meal (C-SBM) diet. The current study was conducted to evaluate combinations of these additives on phytate P utilization. In 3 chick experiments, male crossbred chicks (New Hampshire x Columbian) were fed experimental diets from 8 to 21 d of age. The C-SBM basal diet used in all assays contained no supplemental P and was calculated to provide 23% CP, 0.13% nonphytate P (0.39% total P), 0.62% Ca, 25 mg of cholecalciferol/kg, and 3,260 kcal of TME/kg. In all 3 experiments, factorial arrangements (2 x 2 or 2 x 2 x 2) were used to evaluate 2 levels of phytase (0 and 300 units/kg), citric acid (0 and 3 or 4%), and 1alpha(OH) D3 (0 and 5, 10, or 15 microg/kg). Phytase, citric acid, and 1alpha-(OH) D3 each increased weight gain and tibia ash in all 3 experiments. There were some significant interactions among the compounds, but these were not consistent across experiments. Using standard curve methodology for tibia ash data, it was estimated that 0.03, 0.02, and 0.04% P were released by 3% citric acid, 300 units of phytase/kg, and 5 microg 1alpha-(OH) D3/kg, respectively, and that the combination of all 3 compounds resulted in the release of 0.13% P. Our results indicate that all 3 compounds increased phytate P use, and that their effects were generally additive, with some possible synergism between citric acid and 1alpha-(OH) D3.

6-Phytase↗

PubMed2004

Effect of soybean variety and processing on growth performance of young chicks and pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine whether soybeans without the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and lectins could be fed effectively to young chicks and pigs. Specifically, we compared the growth performance of chicks and pigs fed diets containing modified soybeans: Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free (KF), lectin-free (LF), lectin and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor-free (LFKF), conventional soybeans (CSB), and commercially obtained, dehulled, solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM). A 7-d chick experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of CSB, KF, LF, LFKF, and SBM. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design, with four replicates, five treatments, and six male chicks per pen (n = 120). The five treatments consisted of 23% CP dextrose-soybean-based diets containing KF, LF, LFKF, CSB, or SBM as the source of dietary protein. A 28-d pig experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of CSB, LF, LFKF, and SBM. Pens of four pigs were assigned randomly to a control, corn-SBM, or one of six corn-soybean diets containing raw or extruded soybean varieties as a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block design with five blocks per treatment (n = 140). Chicks fed diets containing any of the raw soybean varieties gained less weight (P < 0.05) than chicks fed SBM (22.81 g/d for SBM vs. 14.17 g/d for the raw soybeans combined). Among the raw soybean treatments, there was a greater effect on growth performance (P < 0.05) by removing both lectins and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (ADG of 16.56 g for LFKF) than by removing each antinutritional factor separately (ADG of 14.38 and 14.11 g for KF and LF, respectively). Pig growth performance was different (P < 0.001) for SBM (ADG of 409 g) and all the varieties when extruded (ADG of 450 g for CSB, 417 g for LF, and 408 g for LFKF) compared with the raw soybean treatments (ADG of 101 g for CSB, 165 g for LF, and 266 g for LFKF). Among the raw soybean treatments, growth performance improved (P = 0.003) as the antinutritional factor, lectin, was removed from the soybean and improved further (P = 0.045) when both lectins and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor were removed. The growth-inhibiting effect of feeding modified soybeans to young animals was more detrimental for pigs than for chicks in our experiments. Soybeans without the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor and lectins cannot be fed successfully to young chicks and pigs without heating.

Animal Feed↗