PubMed Health⌕ Search

Biomedical subjects

C M Pathak

Publications and source records attributed to C M Pathak.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2005

Low dose gamma-irradiation differentially modulates antioxidant defense in liver and lungs of Balb/c mice.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of low-dose (<50 cGy) whole body ?-irradiation on the antioxidant defense system in the liver and the lungs of mice at various post-irradiation intervals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Balb/c mice, 5 - 6 weeks of age, were divided into irradiated and non-irradiated groups. Whole body irradiation was done with gamma-rays from a (60)Co source at doses of 10, 25 and 50 cGy (48.78 cGy/min). Lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status were measured in the liver and the lungs at 4, 12 and 24 h after irradiation. RESULTS: Lipid peroxidation increased by 1.38 and 2.0 fold in lung and liver respectively at 12 h after exposure to 25 cGy. Whole body exposure to 25 and 50 cGy significantly (p < 0.05) increased the hepatic reduced glutathione at 4 h. Reduced glutathione continued to rise until 12 h and returned to the basal level at 24 h, whereas in the lungs it remained elevated until 24 h at 10 and 25 cGy. Antioxidant enzymes activities for superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase increased by 1.22, 1.13, 1.22 and 1.11 fold respectively (p < 0.05) in the liver at 4 h after exposure to 50 cGy and remained elevated at almost the same level up to 12 h after exposure. Surprisingly these antioxidant defense enzymes remained unaltered in the lung at the above radiation doses. CONCLUSIONS: Low-dose whole body gamma-irradiation differentially modulates the antioxidant defense system in the liver and lungs of mice. The induction of endogenous glutathione, immediately after exposure to low-dose -irradiation, may be beneficial in protecting the cells from reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced oxidative stress.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Evaluation of the predictors of choledocholithiasis: comparative analysis of clinical, biochemical, radiological, radionuclear, and intraoperative parameters.

This prospective study was performed to assess the predictive ability of the various indicators of common bile duct (CBD) calculi, individually or in combination, by analyzing 88 patients with gallstone disease. The patients were classified into two groups according to the presence of 10 predefined criteria. Of 53 patients with one or more risk factors (group 2), 26 harbored CBD calculi; none of 35 patients with no risk factors (group 1) had CBD stones. Jaundice correlated best, with a sensitivity of 69%; and pancreatitis had the lowest sensitivity (12%). Elevated serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels correlated better than liver enzymes and serum amylase. The sensitivity and negative predictive value of cholescintigraphy scanning for diagnosing CBD calculi were better than those of ultrasonography, the sensitivity being 84% versus 50% and the negative predictive value 95% versus 82%. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography was successful in 94% of the patients, and CBD calculi were diagnosed in 74%. Moreover, peroperative cholangiography was 100% sensitive with no false-positive results. Ultimately, a palpable stone at surgery was the best predictor. When all the criteria were analyzed, it was found that as the number of criteria increased so did the percentage of patients harboring CBD calculi.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Comparison of seven and fourteen days of lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a report from India.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, a 1-week regimen of combined proton pump inhibitors and two antibiotics is considered adequate for Helicobacter pylori eradication. However, there is a paucity of reports from developing countries on treatment duration of less than 14 days. We compared efficacy of 7 and 14 days of lansoprazole (L), clarithromycin (C), and amoxicillin (A) combinations for eradication of H. pylori. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty-six consecutive patients who presented with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and tested positive for H. pylori infection were included in the study. In every patient, after performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, antral biopsies were obtained. H. pylori infection was diagnosed by positive rapid urease test and identification of organisms on antral histology. Patients were randomly selected to receive lansoprazole, 30 mg once daily, plus clarithromycin, 250 mg twice daily, plus amoxicillin, 500 mg three times daily for 2 weeks (group 1; n = 24; age, 36 +/- 12 years; 18 men) or 1 week (group 2; n = 22; age, 45 +/- 15 years; 12 men). One month after completion of treatment, repeat upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed. H. pylori eradication was defined as absence of organism on histopathological examination of both antrum and body of stomach and negative rapid urease test. RESULTS: Eradication rate was higher in group 1 (23 of 24; 96%) as compared to group 2 (12 of 22; 54%; p <.05). One patient in group 1 had diarrhea, and one patient in group two had skin rash and itching. CONCLUSIONS: Fourteen-day therapy with lansoprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin is highly effective in eradication of H. pylori. Reducing duration of therapy to 7 days significantly lowers eradication rates.

2-Pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazoles↗
PubMed1999

Thyroid functions in lithium-treated psychiatric patients: a cross-sectional study.

In the present cross-sectional study, thyroid functions (viz. thyroid radioiodine uptake [RAIU] and serum T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) were evaluated in 24 healthy controls and 132 outdoor affective disorder patients. Eleven of these patients were to receive lithium (Li) and the remaining 121 patients were at different stages of Li treatment ranging from 0.7 to 240 mo. RAIU was found to increase significantly throughout the Li therapy and was associated with the corresponding rise in TSH levels. In totality, Li treatment induced subclinical hypothyroidism in 51/132 (39%) of patients. However, 8/51 patients who belonged to known iodine-deficient belt had abnormally high TSH (range 15.2-76.0 microIU/mL), low T4 (5.3+/-2.5 microg/dL), and normal T3 and at least 4 of these 8 patients were clinically hypothyroid. T4 levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) with Li treatment ranging from 61 to 240 mo as compared to the corresponding values in the pre-Li group. The T3/T4 ratio was found to be significantly higher with Li treatment ranging from 0.7 to 6 mo in comparison with the pre-Li group and this value returned to base levels after long-term Li therapy. High T3 and T4 were observed in 13% and 12% of the patients, respectively, as compared to the corresponding control values.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

[14C]-urea breath test to confirm eradication of Helicobacter pylori.

BACKGROUND: Treatment for Helicobacter pylori reduces ulcer recurrence. Eradication rates of the organism vary with different drug regimens from 30% to 90%. There is a need to identify patients who have failed treatment. [14C]-Urea breath test (UBT) is non-invasive, sensitive, safe and highly reliable test for diagnosis of H. pylori infection. As there is a paucity of reports on the utility of [14C]-UBT in confirming H. pylori eradication, this study was undertaken. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients (age 34 +/- 17 years, range 16-84 years, 27 men) with upper gastrointestinal symptoms underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Baseline H. pylori infection was diagnosed by identification of the organism on antral biopsies and positive rapid urease test (RUT). After 1 month of completion of treatment, repeat RUT and histological examination of antral endoscopic biopsies were performed. Eradication of H. pylori was defined as absence of the organism on histology, and negative RUT. The [14C]-UBT was performed using 185 kBq [14C]-urea dissolved in 300 mL water. Breath samples were collected once before ingestion of [14C]-urea, and subsequently at 5 and 15 min. Results were expressed as 14CO2/mmol CO2 exhaled as per cent of administered urea. RESULTS: Endoscopy revealed antral gastritis (n = 14), duodenal ulcer (n = 8), duodenitis (n = 2), oesophagitis (n = 1), antral gastritis and duodenal ulcer (n = 3), antral gastritis and duodenitis (n = 7) and normal upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (n = 3). All the 20 patients who were negative for H. pylori on RUT and histology, tested negative for H. pylori on [14C]-UBT. However, of 18 patients shown to have H. pylori infection on RUT and histology, 16 were positive for H. pylori on [14C]-UBT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and accuracy of [14C]-UBT were 100, 89, 91, 100 and 95% respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The [14C]-UBT is a reliable indicator of H. pylori eradication after treatment. It can obviate the need for antral biopsies to confirm eradication of H. pylori after completion of treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Vitamin E suppresses the induction of reactive oxygen species release by lipopolysaccharide, interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in rat alveolar macrophages.

Over the last decade, although investigations have suggested that vitamin E affects the immune response, not much is known about its affect on the alveolar macrophage functions. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of high vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, alpha-TA) supplementation for 10 d on the activation state of rat alveolar macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin (IL)-1beta or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha on the basis of their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O2-*) and H2O2. LPS treatment (1 and 10 microg/mL) caused 2.44 and 2.54-fold increases in O2-*, and 2.1 and 2.3-fold increases in H2O2, respectively, from alveolar macrophages (AMs) in the diet group fed 50 mg alpha-TA/kg. However, this enhancement was not observed for the AMs of the diet groups fed 250 or 1,250 mg alpha-TA/kg. Similar results were obtained on treating the AMs with proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. The observed suppression in ROS release in response to various stimulants may be due to the direct and/or indirect effect of high vitamin E (250 and 1,250 mg alpha-TA/kg diet) supplementation. It may therefore, be concluded that high alpha-TA supplementation in the diet modulates the activation of AMs in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Changes in rat alveolar macrophageal antioxidant defense and reactive oxygen species release by high dietary vitamin E.

For the past decade there has been emphasis on the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin E apart from its established role as a free radical scavenger. In alveolar macrophages (AMs), the role of vitamin E supplementation has not yet been investigated sufficiently. In the present study we have evaluated the effects of high vitamin E (DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, alpha-TA) supplementation for 10 d on rat-alveolar macrophageal antioxidant defense and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. There was an increase in plasma vitamin E content from 5.22 +/- 1.30, at 50 mg to 12.23 +/- 1.06 and 22.32 +/- 2.02 micrograms/mL at 250 and 1,250 mg alpha-TA/kg dietary supplementation. Alveolar macrophage-vitamin E content enhanced by 56 to 75% at 250 and 1,250 mg alpha-TA diet as compared with control diet. Superoxide dismutase activity decreased and catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities increased significantly in AMs of 250 and 1,250 mg alpha-TA diet-fed rats. Reduced glutathione, total glutathione, and glutathione-S-transferase activity in AMs did not change significantly at any of the high doses of alpha-TA supplementation. On stimulation of AMs by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), there was 2.8- and 3.5-fold enhancement in superoxide (O2-.) and H2O2 production, respectively, at 50 mg alpha-TA dose. But this increase by PMA could not take place in AMs from animals supplemented with 250 and 1,250 mg alpha-TA. It may therefore be concluded that high alpha-TA supplementation in diet may equip the AMs with a stronger defense against oxygen-free radical mediated damage to them.

Albuminuria↗
PubMed1994

Evaluation of 14C-urinary excretion and its comparison with 14CO2 in breath after 14C-urea administration in Helicobacter pylori infection.

OBJECTIVES: 1) to estimate levels of 14C-urinary excretion in Helicobacter pylori-infected and noninfected patients after 14C-urea ingestion, 2) to compare 14C-urinary excretion and 14CO2 breath results with biopsy findings, and 3) to find out correlation between 14C-urinary excretion with 14CO2 breath results, if any. METHODS: Twenty-four-hour 14C-urinary excretion was measured in 26 patients of non-ulcer dyspepsia after oral administration of 5 microCi 14C-urea to each patient. One-mmol CO2 breath samples at baseline, 2, 5, 15, and 45 min were collected and 14C content measured. Four gastric biopsies were obtained endoscopically from each patient for histology, culture, Gram staining, and rapid urease test. RESULTS: 14C-urinary excretion in H. pylori-positive patients was 27.38 +/- 13.35% (mean +/- SD) as compared to 67.05 +/- 14.19% in H. pylori-negative patients. Five-, 15-, and 45-min 14CO2 breath values in H. pylori-positive cases were 0.07 +/- 0.041%, 0.063 +/- 0.041%, and 0.028 +/- 0.017% of administered 14C-urea/mmol CO2 exhaled, respectively, which were significantly higher (p < 0.001) from their corresponding values in negative cases. The 14C-urinary excretion data, when compared with biopsies results, discriminated well in 17 of the 18 H. pylori-positive cases, resulting in sensitivity of 94.4%, specificity 100%, and diagnostic accuracy 96.1%, whereas 15 min 14CO2 breath results were 100% accurate. Strong negative correlation between 14C-urinary excretions and 15 min 14CO2 breath was obtained (r = -0.717, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Measurement of 14C in 24-h urine and in 15-min breath sample may be employed as a cross confirmatory reliable technique for the detection of viable H. pylori colonization.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Serum gentamicin levels in traumatic paraplegics following intramuscular administration in non-paralyzed limbs.

Intramuscular administration of gentamicin in the paralyzed limb of subjects with spinal cord injury resulted in decreased maximum serum concentration, increased time to maximum serum concentration and decreased absorption rate constant. An investigation was, therefore, undertaken to study the serum gentamicin levels in paraplegics when it is administered intramuscularly in the non-paralyzed limb. Group 1 consisted of six male bed-ridden traumatic paraplegics with complete lesion at the level of T12-L1 and group 2 consisted of six healthy male adults. Following intramuscular administration of gentamicin (1.5 mg/kg) in deltoid muscle, blood samples were taken at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 min for determination of serum gentamicin levels by solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Serum gentamicin levels at 15 min after drug administration were 2.2 +/- 0.78 micrograms/ml in group 1 and 4.81 +/- 0.94 micrograms/ml in group 2 (p less than 0.001); at 30 min, serum levels were 3.45 +/- 0.75 micrograms/ml in group 1 and 5.0 +/- 0.48 micrograms/ml in group 2 (p less than 0.01); at 45 min, serum gentamicin levels were 3.3 +/- 0.51 micrograms/ml in group 1 and 4.63 +/- 1.24 micrograms/ml in group 2 (p less than 0.05). There was no significant difference in serum gentamicin levels at 60, 90 and 120 min between the two groups. The maximum serum concentration was 3.8 +/- 0.56 micrograms/ml in group 1 and 5.43 +/- 0.94 micrograms/ml in group 2 (p less than 0.01). The area under the curves in groups 1 and 2 was 315 +/- 41.1 and 451.25 +/- 88.3, respectively (p less than 0.01).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of eradication of Helicobacter pylori on gastric antrum histology.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is a leading cause of gastritis. Some of the histological changes revert after eradication of H. pylori. There is paucity of reports from India. AIM: To study the effect of H. pylori eradication on the histopathological changes. METHODS: Endoscopically obtained antral biopsies from 164 consecutive H. pylori positive cases of dyspepsia were analysed before and 4 weeks after completion of treatment. RESULTS: Treatment for H. pylori resulted in eradication of the organism as confirmed histologically in 123 out of 164 (76.22%) cases. Analysis of histopathological changes in pre and post treatment biopsies from the same patient revealed a significant reduction in neutrophils, eosinophils, chronic inflammatory cells, acute epithelial changes and regenerative foveolar hyperplasia (p < 0.001) There was no difference in these findings in cases where H. pylori eradication failed when compared with their pre-treatment biopsies (p > 0.05). Similarly the pre and post treatment biopsies revealed, no difference in frequency of intestinal metaplasia and gastric atrophy in cases where H. pylori was eradicated or persisted after treatment. CONCLUSION: There was significant reduction in neutrophils, eosinophils, chronic inflammatory cells, acute epithelial changes and regenerative foveolar hyperplasia, following eradication of H. pylori.

Biopsy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Urea breath test for Helicobacter pylori detection: present status.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the commonest bacterial pathogen found worldwide and more than half the world population aged 40 years and above is colonized with it. The infection rate is >95 % in some African countries. In 1994, the International Agency for Research on cancer classified H. pylori as a class I carcinogen in humans. It causes chronic active gastritis, duodenal and gastric ulcer and gastric malignancy, and is thought to be associated with coronary artery disease, cerebral stroke, vitamin B12 and iron-deficiency anaemia, etc. Therefore, non-invasive test-and-treatment strategies are widely recommended in primary care settings. Conventionally, H. pylori infection can be diagnosed by invasive techniques using an upper gastrointestinal endoscope for obtaining multiple biopsies from different sites of the stomach for RUT, culture, histological examination, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), etc. and by non-invasive tests such as Urea breath test (UBT), stool antigen test and blood serology. At present, 13/14C-UBT is considered the test of choice for confirmation of H. pylori infection. The UBT is based on the principle, that isotopically labelled urea ingested by an H. pylori--infected patient is rapidly hydrolysed by the microbial urease. The released 13/14CO2 is absorbed across the mucous layer to the gastric mucosa and hence, excreted via the systemic circulation in the breath which is collected and measured. The non-hydrolysed urea is excreted completely in the urine within 3-4 days. 13C-UBT being non-radioactive, 13C-UBT can be used in pregnant women and children, and a user's license is not required. There is still no standard protocol accepted and followed internationally for this test. Although the methods are almost similar, various laboratories/clinics use variable tracer doses, test meals, timings and methods for breath collection, and different cut-off values, which make formal validation studies necessary. This review describes the present status of the UBT and its application in the detection of H. pylori infection.

Breath Tests↗