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Biomedical subjects

C M Patton

Publications and source records attributed to C M Patton.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Human disease associated with "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase-negative or weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States.

Catalase-negative or weakly positive (CNW) thermotolerant campylobacteria, first isolated from dogs in 1983, were recently recognized as a new species, "Campylobacter upsaliensis," but their association with human illness has not been established. Twelve human isolates received at the Centers for Disease Control between 1980 and 1986 were identified as CNW campylobacteria by biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Eleven CNW Campylobacter strains tested by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) were all highly related and were related to two "C. upsaliensis" strains at the species level (86% under optimal conditions and 76% under stringent conditions). Clinical information was obtained for 11 human isolates from three stool and eight blood specimens. They were isolated from four female and seven male patients 6.5 months to 83 years of age residing in 10 different states. The patients had a wide spectrum of illnesses. The stool isolates were obtained from two previously healthy persons during episodes of acute gastroenteritis and from one immunocompromised patient with persistent diarrhea and fever. The blood isolates were obtained from two infants with fever and respiratory symptoms; a young woman with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy; three elderly men with underlying chronic diseases; and two immunocompromised adults. In a bactericidal assay to assess sensitivity to serum, seven of eight blood isolates showed some resistance to killing by pooled normal human serum. These observations suggest that "C. upsaliensis" is a potential human pathogen associated with both gastroenteritis and bacteremia in normal hosts and with opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Persistent Campylobacter jejuni infections in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

We identified Campylobacter jejuni infections in four patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); three had persistent and severe C. jejuni infections. Multiple isolates obtained from each patient had the same biochemical and serotypic characteristics, indicating recurrent infection rather than reinfection with unrelated strains. Serum antibody responses to C. jejuni group antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were markedly impaired in the three patients with persistent infection compared with forty-two immunocompetent C. jejuni-infected controls and with the HIV-infected patient who readily cleared the organism. One patient was bacteremic; his blood isolate was killed by normal serum but was resistant to his own serum, whereas a simultaneous stool isolate of a different serotype was sensitive. Failure of two patients to eradicate the organism and long-term administration of erythromycin therapy led to the in-vivo development of resistance to this antibiotic, which is most frequently used to treat C. jejuni infections.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1987

Campylobacter enteritis at a university: transmission from eating chicken and from cats.

Campylobacter jejuni is the most common enteric pathogen isolated from university and college students in the United States. During the fall and winter quarters of the 1983-1984 academic year, the authors conducted a case-control study at the University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, to identify risk factors for C. jejuni enteritis. Students with diarrhea whose cultures yielded C. jejuni were compared with controls matched by age, sex, and residence. A total of 45 case-control pairs were interviewed about exposures during the week before the case's onset of illness. The infections occurred sporadically and were caused by a wide variety of C. jejuni serotypes. Three risk factors were identified: eating fully cooked chicken, eating chicken reported to be raw or undercooked, and contact with a cat or kitten. No case reported drinking raw milk. No significant association was found between illness and the places where chicken meals were prepared or the specific manner in which chicken was cooked. Chicken may be the principal vehicle of transmission for sporadic Campylobacter enteritis among college students.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Campylobacter hyointestinalis associated with human gastrointestinal disease in the United States.

Campylobacter hyointestinalis was isolated from stool specimens of four persons, all of whom were experiencing nonbloody, watery diarrhea. The youngest (8 months of age) and the oldest (79 years of age) individuals were females, and the other two were homosexual men. C. hyointestinalis was the only clinically significant pathogen isolated from stool specimens for three of the individuals. In case 3 (involving a 37-year-old homosexual man), Entamoeba histolytica and Shigella sonnei were also present in the stool. The identification of all C. hyointestinalis strains was made biochemically and confirmed by DNA hybridization. This study documented the isolation of C. hyointestinalis from four patients with diarrhea, and our findings suggest that the clinical significance of Campylobacter species must be expanded to include C. hyointestinalis as a potential cause of human gastrointestinal disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

Differentiation of Campylobacter and Campylobacter-like organisms by cellular fatty acid composition.

The cellular fatty acid compositions of 368 strains of Campylobacter species or Campylobacter-like organisms were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Most of the strains (339) were placed in one of three groups based on differences in fatty acid profiles. Group A contained Campylobacter jejuni (97%) and most C. coli (83%) strains and was characterized by the presence of a 19-carbon cyclopropane fatty acid (19:0 cyc) and 3-hydroxytetradecanoic acid (3-OH-14:0). Group B included all C. laridis and some C. coli (17%) strains; its profile was similar to that of group A, except that 19:0 cyc was absent. Group C contained C. fetus subsp. fetus and C. fetus subsp. veneralis and was characterized by the presence of 3-OH-14:0 and 3-hydroxyhexadecanoic acid (3-OH-16:0) and the absence of 19:0 cyc. Twenty-nine isolates were placed in four additional groups. Group D included the type strain of "C. cinaedi" and 14 other isolates, which were differentiated by the presence of dodecanoic acid (12:0), 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid (3-OH-12:0), and 3-OH-16:0 and the absence of hexadecenoic acid (16:1) and 3-OH-14:0. Group E contained the type strain of "C. fennelliae" and two additional isolates, which were differentiated by the presence of a 16-carbon aldehyde and a 16-carbon dimethylacetyl and the absence of 16:1. Group F included the type strain and one reference strain of C. cryaerophila and six human isolates whose phenotypic characteristics were similar to those of this species; this group was distinguished by the presence of two isomers of 16:1, tetradecenoic acid (14:1), and 3-OH-14:0. Group G included three stains of C. pyloridis and was characterized by the presence of 19:0 cyc, 3-OH-16:0, and 3-hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (3-OH-18:0) and by the absence of 16:1 and 3-OH-14:0.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Naturally occurring auxotrophs of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli.

The nutritional requirements for 439 Campylobacter jejuni isolates and 46 Campylobacter coli isolates were determined by using a previously described chemically defined medium, campylobacter defined medium. With this medium, 45% of both human and nonhuman C. jejuni isolates demonstrated auxotrophic requirements. None of the 46 C. coli isolates studied demonstrated requirements for amino acids on campylobacter defined medium. The most common auxotrophic requirement among C. jejuni isolates was for methionine, which was present as a single requirement or in combination with other markers in 21% of human and 28% of nonhuman isolates. There was no correlation between plasmid carriage and auxotype, and a comparison of the Lior serotypes of 472 of the strains showed a correlation only between proline auxotrophs and Lior serotype 11 for strains isolated in the Seattle-King County region.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence and characterization of hippurate-negative Campylobacter jejuni in King County, Washington.

A total of 593 strains of thermophilic Campylobacter species were isolated either from humans with diarrhea or from poultry in King County, Washington. Of these strains, 98 (52 hippurate-positive strains and all 46 of the hippurate-negative strains) were selected for further phenotypic characterization and genetic classification. Hippurate hydrolysis, the test typically used to differentiate Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli, did not always correlate with the genetic classification. All hippurate-positive strains were classified as C. jejuni. Of the hippurate-negative strains, 20% were C. jejuni, 78% were C. coli, and 2% were C. laridis. Assuming that the remaining hippurate-positive strains were all C. jejuni, then hippurate-negative C. jejuni represented a small percentage (9 of 556 or 1.6%) of C. jejuni strains but a significant percentage (9 of 46 or 20%) of hippurate-negative strains. This finding suggests that hippurate hydrolysis should not be used as the sole criterion for differentiating thermophilic Campylobacter species, particularly when describing the disease states associated with these organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Determination of hippurate hydrolysis by gas-liquid chromatography.

A rapid gas-liquid chromatographic procedure was developed to determine hippurate hydrolysis by microorganisms. Bacterial cells were inoculated into 0.4 ml of 1% sodium hippurate and incubated for 2 h at 37 degrees C. Cells were removed by centrifugation, and the benzoate released by enzyme activity was converted to methyl benzoate and analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography. This procedure is sensitive, and its specificity provides a high degree of reliability for organisms with weak hippuricase activity.

Benzoates↗
PubMed1986

Epidemic campylobacteriosis associated with a community water supply.

In May 1983, an estimated 865 cases of epidemic gastrointestinal disease occurred in Greenville, Florida. Surveillance of pharmacy sales of antidiarrheal medicines suggested that the outbreak was confined to Greenville and its immediate vicinity. Surveys demonstrated that the gastrointestinal illness attack rates inside and outside the city limits were 56 per cent (72/128) and 9 per cent (7/77), respectively (relative risk (RR) = 6.2); consumption of city water was associated with illness (RR = 12); and as water consumption increased, the attack rate also increased (p less than 0.001). Four adults were hospitalized and one outbreak-related case of Guillain-Barre' syndrome was identified. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from specimens from 11 ill persons; serologic studies showed the development of Campylobacter-specific antibodies. Fecal coliforms were found in water samples, but Campylobacter was not recovered from water. The city water plant, a deep well system, had numerous deficiencies including an unlicensed operator, a failure of chlorination, and open-top treatment towers. Birds were observed perching on the open-top treatment tower. Of 38 birds trapped seven weeks later, 37 per cent harbored C. jejuni; however, plasmid and serotyping studies showed that strains were not the same as the common strain from ill persons. This outbreak suggests that water systems that are unprotected from contact with birds may become contaminated and a source of outbreaks of human campylobacteriosis.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Illness associated with Campylobacter laridis, a newly recognized Campylobacter species.

Campylobacter laridis, a recently described thermophilic Campylobacter species found principally in seagulls, has not previously been linked to illness in humans. Six clinical isolates of this species were referred to the national campylobacter reference laboratory in 1982 and 1983. Each isolate was confirmed by biochemical characterization and by DNA relatedness studies. The six isolates were obtained during an illness: enteritis in four, severe crampy abdominal pain in one, and terminal bacteremia in an immunocompromised host in one. The infections occurred in persons 8 months to 71 years old. Neither the geographic distribution nor the reports of the patients suggest that seagulls played a direct role in the epidemiology of these infections. This potential human enteric pathogen appears to be clinically, epidemiologically, and microbiologically similar to Campylobacter jejuni and may be mistaken for it if nalidixic acid susceptibility screening is not routinely performed.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1985

Typing of heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli by coagglutination.

A coagglutination system has been devised for typing heat-stable and heat-labile antigens of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli. The use of protein A-positive Staphylococcus aureus cells carrying Campylobacter sp. serotype antibody and the treatment of Campylobacter sp. cells with DNase in the antigen suspension permitted rapid and specific coagglutination of rough (autoagglutinable) as well as smooth cultures. Cells of S. aureus were sensitized with Campylobacter sp. serotype antisera. Four to five types of sensitized S. aureus cells were pooled. A strain of Campylobacter sp. was first tested with the pools and then typed with the individual reagents of the reactive pool. After the described procedures, 68 serotype strains tested blindly as unknowns were correctly typed according to their heat-stable or heat-labile antigens. The two most commonly used typing schemes which are based separately on the heat-stable or the heat-labile antigens as assayed by passive hemagglutination and slide agglutination, respectively, can be utilized simultaneously in the coagglutination system for strain characterization. The coagglutination system is simple, yields results rapidly, conserves typing reagents, and offers the flexibility of formulating the pools of reagents according to the experimental design or the prevalence of serotypes in a geographic location. It should be a practical system for the typing of Campylobacter spp. in public health or clinical laboratories.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1985

Biochemical and genetic characteristics of atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus strains isolated from humans in the United States.

During a 2-year period, 14 biochemically atypical Campylobacter fetus subsp. fetus-like strains were received by the Campylobacter Reference Laboratory at the Centers for Disease Control. Sources of the isolates were blood, nine strains; stools, two strains; amniotic fluid, one strain; and abscesses, two strains. Atypical phenotypic characteristics exhibited by one or more strains were growth at 42 degrees C, 10 strains; no H2S by lead acetate paper, 3 strains; resistance to a 30-micrograms cephalothin disk, 2 strains; and nonmotility, 1 strain. By DNA-DNA hybridization, all 14 isolates and the type strain of C. fetus subsp. fetus (ATCC 27374) were 94 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 50 degrees C, with 0.0 to 0.5% divergence, and were 86 to 100% related in reassociation reactions at 65 degrees C. Thus, all of these atypical strains were C. fetus subsp. fetus. MICs of 11 antimicrobial agents for these 14 strains were variable. All strains were susceptible to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, gentamicin, and tetracycline, and most were susceptible to ampicillin, clindamycin, and penicillin. Eleven strains were resistant to cephalothin (MIC greater than or equal to 16 micrograms/ml), nine were resistant to rifampin (MIC greater than or equal to 8 micrograms/ml), and all were resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml) and vancomycin (MIC greater than 32 micrograms/ml). One can expect to see biochemical variability in C. fetus subsp. fetus strains and to encounter such strains from a variety of human sources, the most important of which appears to be blood.

Campylobacter Infections↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of the Penner and Lior methods for serotyping Campylobacter spp.

We compared two Campylobacter serotyping systems by using 1,405 isolates of Campylobacter collected from human, animal, and environmental sources during epidemiologic investigations and special studies. We found 96.1% of isolates to be typable by the Penner method for heat-stable antigens, which involved the use of an indirect hemagglutination technique, and 92.1% of isolates to be typable by the Lior method for heat-labile antigens, which involved the use of a slide agglutination technique and absorbed antisera. Absorbed antisera were not required for the Penner method, making that method less difficult to implement. The Lior method was simpler to perform and gave more rapid results than did the Penner method. Cultures frequently reacted in multiple antisera with the Penner method, whereas multiple reactions were rare with the Lior method. Thus, results were easier to interpret with the Lior system. Strains of a single serotype in one system were sometimes found to be multiple serotypes in the other system; hence, the two methods have the potential to be complementary. Both systems were comparable in serotyping isolates from human and nonhuman sources and for evaluating the relationship of strains collected during outbreak investigations.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1985

Comparison of four hippurate hydrolysis methods for identification of thermophilic Campylobacter spp.

The test for hippurate hydrolysis is critical for separation of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli strains. Glycine and benzoic acid are formed when hippurate is hydrolyzed by C. jejuni. The test used in most laboratories is one of several variations of the ninhydrin tube test described by Hwang and Ederer (M. Hwang and G. M. Ederer, J. Clin. Microbiol. 1:114-115, 1975) for detection of glycine. We evaluated three modifications of the Hwang and Ederer method and the gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method described by Kodaka et al. (H. Kodaka, G. L. Lombard, and V. R. Dowell, Jr., J. Clin. Microbiol. 16:962-964, 1982) for detecting benzoic acid. Campylobacter strains comprised 22 C. jejuni, 11 C. coli, and 8 C. laridis strains. The species identification of each strain was confirmed by DNA relatedness. All strains of C. jejuni were positive and all strains of C. coli and C. laridis were negative by the GLC method for detecting hippurate hydrolysis, whereas three strains of C. jejuni gave negative or variable results in the tube tests. The GLC method is more sensitive than the tube methods for detecting hippurate hydrolysis and should be used on cultures yielding variable or questionable test results.

Bacteriological Techniques↗