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Biomedical subjects

C M Scott

Publications and source records attributed to C M Scott.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2001

Undiagnosed alcoholism & prescription drug misuse among the elderly. Special considerations for home assessment.

Elderly patients are living longer than ever. Often, health care providers perceive this longevity as a measure of professional success. These patients don't always share this cheerful perspective. Living to a "ripe old age" can impose tremendous stress. An alarming number of these patients turn to alcohol and prescription drugs to escape the physical, emotional, spiritual, social and financial losses associated with aging.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

General language performance measures in spoken and written narrative and expository discourse of school-age children with language learning disabilities.

Language performance in naturalistic contexts can be characterized by general measures of productivity, fluency, lexical diversity, and grammatical complexity and accuracy. The use of such measures as indices of language impairment in older children is open to questions of method and interpretation. This study evaluated the extent to which 10 general language performance measures (GLPM) differentiated school-age children with language learning disabilities (LLD) from chronological-age (CA) and language-age (LA) peers. Children produced both spoken and written summaries of two educational videotapes that provided models of either narrative or expository (informational) discourse. Productivity measures, including total T-units, total words, and words per minute, were significantly lower for children with LLD than for CA children. Fluency (percent T-units with mazes) and lexical diversity (number of different words) measures were similar for all children. Grammatical complexity as measured by words per T-unit was significantly lower for LLD children. However, there was no difference among groups for clauses per T-unit. The only measure that distinguished children with LLD from both CA and LA peers was the extent of grammatical error. Effects of discourse genre and modality were consistent across groups. Compared to narratives, expository summaries were shorter, less fluent (spoken versions), more complex (words per T-unit), and more error prone. Written summaries were shorter and had more errors than spoken versions. For many LLD and LA children, expository writing was exceedingly difficult. Implications for accounts of language impairment in older children are discussed.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Verb and noun morphology in the spoken and written language of children with language learning disabilities.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of verb and noun morphology in school-age children's spoken and written language. Sixty children, with and without language learning disabilities (LLD), each produced 2 spoken and 2 written language samples. The children's accuracy in using morphemes that mark verb finiteness (regular past tense, 3rd person singular present tense, copula, and auxiliary BE) was compared with their accuracy in using noun morphology (regular plural, possessive, articles). As would be expected, the typically achieving children, who were aged 7 to 12 years, had mastered the verb and noun morphology in spoken and written samples. The children with LLD, aged 10 to 12 years, also showed high accuracy in the spoken samples. On the other hand, they showed substantial difficulty in the written samples with the regular past tense, with errors in 26% of obligatory contexts. However, the children with LLD also had difficulty with the regular plural, with errors in 12% of obligatory contexts. For both the regular past tense and plural, all errors were errors of omission. These results indicate that finiteness marking remains an area of relative difficulty, but perhaps not the only grammatical difficulty, for children with language impairments in the school years.

Child↗
PubMed1999

SB-236057, a selective 5-HT1B receptor inverse agonist, blocks the 5-HT human terminal autoreceptor.

A novel compound, SB-236057 (1'-ethyl-5-(2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)biphenyl- 4-carbonyl)-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrospiro[furo[2,3-f]indole-3,4'-piperid ine]) has been shown to have high affinity for human 5-hydroxytryptamine1B (5-HT1B) receptors (pKi = 8.2) and displays over 75 or more-fold selectivity for the human 5-HT1B receptor over other 5-HT receptors, including the human 5-HT1D receptor, and a range of other receptors, ion channels and enzymes. In functional studies using [35S]GTPgammaS binding, SB-236057 displayed negative intrinsic activity (pEC50 = 8.0) at human 5-HT1B receptors stably expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells and caused a rightward shift of agonist concentration response curves consistent with competitive antagonism (pA2 = 8.9). SB-236057 potentiated [3H]5-HT release from electrically stimulated guinea pig or human cortical slices. SB-236057 also abolished the inhibitory effect of exogenously superfused 5-HT on electrically-stimulated release from slices of the guinea pig cortex. These studies using SB-236057 confirm that, in both the guinea pig and human cerebral cortex, the terminal 5-HT autoreceptor is of the 5-HT1B subtype.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Metabolic effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition during exercise in the horse.

The effect of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition during exercise on lactate production was investigated in five Thoroughbred horses. A standard exercise test (SET), consisting of three canters (approximately 55 per cent VO2max), with walking and trotting between each canter, was performed twice (control and test, in random order) by each horse. Nphi-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg kg-1), a competitive inhibitor of NOS, induced a significant increase (P < 0.05) in plasma lactate [5.7 (2.9) vs 11.8 (3.8) mmol L-1], which continued to increase despite administration of L-arginine, the substrate for NOS. There were no differences in cardiac output (Q) or the total body oxygen consumption (VO) between each SET. The results show that non-specific inhibition of NOS isoforms during exercise in the horse increases plasma lactate concentration, although the mechanism/s remain uncertain.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Physiological responses of horses to a treadmill simulated speed and endurance test in high heat and humidity before and after humid heat acclimation.

To investigate whether horses were able to acclimate to conditions of high temperature and humidity, 5 horses of different breeds were trained for 80 min on 15 consecutive days on a treadmill at 30 degrees C and 80%RH. Training consisted of a combination of long duration low-intensity exercise, medium duration medium intensity exercise and short duration high intensity exercise. Between training sessions the horses were maintained at 11+/-3 degrees C and 74+/-2%RH. Before (PRE-ACC) and after acclimation (POST-ACC) the horses undertook a simulated Competition Exercise Test (CET), designed to represent the Speed and Endurance Test of a 3-day event, at 30 degrees C/80%RH. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) was not changed following acclimation (PRE-ACC 141+/-8 ml/min/kg bwt vs. POST-ACC 145+/-9 ml/min/kg bwt [STPD], P>0.05). Following acclimation, 4 of the 5 horses were able to complete a significantly greater amount of Phase D in the CET (PRE-ACC 6.3+/-0.3 min vs. POST-ACC 7.3+/-0.3 min, P<0.05; target time = 8 min). Resting body temperatures (pulmonary artery [TPA], rectal [TREC] and tail-skin [TTSK] temperatures) were all significantly lower following acclimation. During exercise, metabolic heat production (M) and heat dissipation (HD), for the same exercise duration, were both significantly lower following acclimation (P<0.05), although heat storage (HS) was significantly higher (P<0.05). The higher heat storage following acclimation was associated with a lower TTSK for a given TPA and a decreased total fluid loss (% bodyweight, P<0.05). Plasma volume was not changed following acclimation. The relationship of sweating rate (SR) to TPA or TTSK on either the neck or the gluteal region was not significantly altered by acclimation, although the onset of sweating occurred at a lower TPA or TTSK following acclimation (P<0.05). The horses in the present study showed a number of physiological adaptations to a period of 15 days of exposure to high heat and humidity consistent with a humid heat acclimation response. These changes were mostly similar to those reported to occur in man and other species and were consistent with thermal acclimation and an increased thermotolerance, leading to an improved exercise tolerance. It is concluded that a 15 day period of acclimation is beneficial for horses from cooler and or drier climates, that have to compete in hot humid conditions and that this may redress, to some extent, the decrement in exercise tolerance seen in nonacclimated horses and reduce the risk of heat related disorders, such as heat exhaustion.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1999

Thermoregulatory strategies during short-term exercise at different intensities.

Previously we have observed a decline in sweating rate (SR) during high intensity exercise in an incremental test protocol. In man, the sweating sensitivity (SR/degree C) has been shown to vary with exercise intensity. The aim of the present study was to determine if thermoregulatory responses in the horse, a prolific sweater with a high rate of metabolic heat production, were modified by exercise intensity. The effect of 3 separate exercise intensities (50 (S), 70 (M) and 90% (F) VO2peak on neck (SRN) and gluteal sweating rate (SRG), pulmonary artery (TPA), rectal (TREC) and skin temperatures on the neck (TSK-N) and gluteal region (TSK-G) were investigated. Horses were exercised for approximately 2 min at each exercise intensity in a randomised order. The rate of increase in TPA increased with exercise intensity (P < 0.05) (0.27 +/- 0.05, 0.43 +/- 0.04 and 0.77 +/- 0.05 degree C/min during S, M and F, respectively. The TPA and TSK temperatures at the onset of sweating were not different between exercise intensities (P > 0.05). Despite the increased rate of heat production with increasing exercise intensity, sweating sensitivity decreased on both the neck (P < 0.05) (18.2 +/- 3.4 (S), 12.0 +/- 3.5 (M) and 2.9 +/- 0.7 (g/m2/min)/degree C (F)[ and gluteal region (P < 0.05) (8.9 +/- 2.0 (S), 5.1 +/- 1.7 (M) and 0.8 +/- 0.3 (g/m2/min)/degree C (F)[. During exercise at 90% VO2peak sweating sensitivity and the rate of increase in skin temperature were markedly reduced compared to at 70% VO2peak. The present investigation demonstrates that the drive to thermoregulate is overridden during short-term, high-intensity exercise, resulting in greater heat storage (TPA) as a result of a lower SR sensitivity.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sweating and skin temperature responses of normal and anhidrotic horses to intravenous adrenaline.

Anhidrosis has been recognised for over half a century, but despite some excellent epidemiological studies, there has been little progress in understanding the aetiology of the condition. Using a modified ventilated capsule, we obtained dynamic, quantitative data on sweating responses in anhidrotic horses and normal sweating controls from the same environment. Ten horses with current seasonal anhidrosis and 10 matched normal sweating controls were selected. Each horse was given two 10 min infusions of 1 and 2 micrograms/kg/min adrenaline, separated by at least 6 h. Sweating responses and skin temperatures on the neck and gluteal region were measured. Plasma and sweat for analysis of total protein and electrolytes and plasma for analysis of adrenaline were collected. Anhidrotic horses produced significantly less sweat, had lower initial and peak sweat rates and a greater neck:gluteal ratio for sweat production. Plasma adrenaline at rest or at the time of peak sweating rate was not different between groups. In nearly three-quarters of the anhidrotic horses, the shape of the sweat rate against time curve was different compared to controls. Volume of sweat produced was significantly correlated with skin temperature on the neck of controls and anhidrotic horses and on the gluteal region of controls, but not anhidrotic horses. Plasma total protein and electrolyte concentrations were not different between groups. There were significant differences in sweat electrolyte concentrations between controls and anhidrotic horses. These differences were reduced when sweat electrolytes were expressed per g of total protein, and no differences existed when expressed as g/m2. This study has provided insight into the response of anhidrotic horses to beta 2 adrenergic stimulation and may be a useful technique to investigate this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Building a feminist theoretical framework for screening of wife-battering: key issues to be addressed.

The purpose of this paper is to identify key questions which must be addressed in developing a woman-centred, that is feminist, theoretical framework for screening for wife battering in health settings. The health sector has not had a positive history in addressing women's health holistically or in terms of the social context of women's lives. This is notable in relation to the issue of wife battering, where attention is recent but growing and responses have been varied. On the other hand, violence against women is one of the greatest threats to their health and, therefore, it can be argued that the health sector has a major role to play in ending this violence. With the recent efforts within the health sector, a great deal has been accomplished; we have some consensus on what is an appropriate protocol for and the roles of health care providers. We are also making progress in developing training programs. Several things are still lacking an understanding of the systemic barriers to promotion of and participation in screening; sufficient program evaluations; sufficient attention to issues of diversity among women; and, a theoretical framework for practice which links these together.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Effects of administration of water versus an isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS) at rest and changes during exercise and recovery.

The administration of 41 of an isotonic, plasma-like oral rehydration solution (ORS) with an osmotic skeleton and 41 of water (water; no osmotic skeleton), were evaluated in five thoroughbred horses. Solutions were administered by nasogastric tube 4 h after feeding. Uptake of deuterium, concentrations of plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, glucose, total protein and packed cell volume, pH, PCO2, HCO3-, total CO2, actual base excess, standard base excess, plasma volume and weight loss were assessed both at rest, and during and after exercise on a treadmill. Each horse underwent four experimental sessions (water-resting; ORS-resting; water-exercise; ORS-exercise). There was an indication of uptake of both water and ORS by 10 min post-administration. Based on the appearance of deuterium in plasma, there was no significant difference in the rate of uptake of water or ORS at rest, although there was a trend for the uptake of ORS to be slower than water during the exercise session. The mean decrease in total protein (TP, 3.0 g l-1) and the increase in plasma volume (PV, 4.6 ml kg-1) after administration of ORS at rest was greater (P < 0.05) than that of water (TP, 1.3 g l-1 and PV, -1.2 ml kg-1). There was no significant difference in TP or PV following administration of water or ORS during the exercise treatment. Exercise had little effect on plasma sodium concentration. The results confirmed that administration of 41 of isotonic, plasma-like ORS provided a much more distinct and durable contribution to the maintenance of plasma volume and circulation than administration of an equal amount of water at rest. Subsequent exercise may, however, mask some of the effects observed at rest.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1998

Rehydration following exercise: effects of administration of water versus an isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS).

The effects of administering (1) 6L isotonic oral rehydration solution (ORS), similar in composition to plasma (except for an elevated potassium concentration) and with an osmotic skeleton and (2) 6L water (no osmotic skeleton), were evaluated in five thoroughbred horses following exercise-induced dehydration. The horses were exercised on a treadmill for 10 min at walk (1.7 m.s-1; approximately 15% VO2max), 40 min at trot (3.7 m.s-1; approximately 25% VO2max) and 10 min at walk (1.7 m.s-1; approximately 15% VO2max). Exercise was undertaken on a 3 degrees incline at 30 degrees C/80% RH. Solutions of water or ORS at 20 degrees C were administered by nasogastric tube over 60s 5 min following exercise. Mean weight loss following exercise was 9.2 +/- 1.7 kg (2.0 +/- 0.4% body weight; mean +/- SEM) with water and 9.2 +/- 1.1 kg (2.0 +/- 0.2% body weight) with ORS and was not different between treatments (P > 0.05). Water treatment resulted in a fall in plasma [Na+] (approximately 3 mmol.L-1) and C1- (1-2 mmol.L-1) concentrations by 30 min after administration and the effect persisted until the end of the study (300 min post fluids). There was little change in plasma total protein (TP) from that at the end of exercise, suggesting a failure of water to restore or maintain PV. In contrast, ORS administration resulted in a small increase in plasma [Na+] (1-2 mmol.L-1) and [Cl-] (2-3 mmol.L-1) with a corresponding decrease in plasma TP. By 120 min post ORS, plasma TP and PV were no longer significantly different from rest or pre-exercise (P > 0.05), whilst with water, TP was elevated (approximately 3-4 g.L-1) and PV reduced (approximately 4-5 mL.kg-1). Total urine output was not significantly different between water (1096 +/- 135 mL) and ORS (750 +/- 215 mL, P > 0.05). Estimates of expected plasma volume and electrolyte concentration changes as a result of either treatment compared well with measured changes of TP and PV. On the basis of calculated or measured changes, it was estimated that only 1L of water contributed to rehydration following exercise compared to 4L isotonic, plasma-like ORS. The administration of 6L ORS restored the PV deficit induced by exercise with minimal or no disturbance of plasma electrolyte concentrations. In contrast, water alone resulted in minimal improvement in PV. When fluid intake after periods of fluid loss, such as induced by exercise or transport, is not accompanied by food intake, the present study has clearly demonstrated that water alone is ineffective in promoting rehydration compared with an isotonic, plasma-like ORS.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Complementary medicine use by patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to establish the degree and determinants of the use of complementary therapies by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and their reasons for seeking them. METHODS: The first phase was a cross-sectional survey of 134 patients with IBD (98 with Crohn's disease, 34 with ulcerative colitis, and two indeterminate) using a mailed, structured questionnaire (response rate 70%). Determinants of complementary medicine use were examined using logistic regression. The second phase was an in-depth exploration using personal interviews of the beliefs and perceptions of 14 complementary medicine users about the management of their disease. Analysis was performed using standard qualitative techniques and the identification of important, patient-identified themes about the management of IBD. RESULTS: Complementary therapies had been used by 51% of patients in the previous 2 yr. Current use was reported by 33%, of whom one-half were using it for their IBD. Vitamins and herbal products were the most commonly reported therapies. In multivariate analysis, duration of disease > 10 yr and a history of hospitalization were independent predictors of complementary medicine use. The side effects and lack of effectiveness of standard therapies were the most commonly cited reasons for seeking complementary medicine. Sixty-two percent had told their doctor about their use of complementary medicine. CONCLUSION: Complementary medicine use is common in patients with IBD, especially among those with a longer duration of disease or a history of hospitalization.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Post exercise changes in compartmental body temperature accompanying intermittent cold water cooling in the hyperthermic horse.

Whereas the efficacy of cold water cooling of horses has been demonstrated by several studies, the dynamics of temperature changes within and between compartments (primarily muscle, blood [core], skin and deep core [rectal]) have not been investigated. Changes in body temperature associated with cold water cooling were investigated in the hyperthermic horse. Muscle (TMU), pulmonary artery (TPA), rectal (TREC), tail-skin (TTSK) and coat surface (TCOAT) temperatures, were monitored continuously in 5 Thoroughbred horses during and after exercise in hot humid (30 degrees C and 80% RH) conditions on a treadmill. Horses were cooled in the hot humid environment with cold water (approximately 6 degrees C) for 6 30 s periods. Between each 30 s cooling period the horses stood for 30 s. A total of 180 l of cold water was applied. Horses were monitored for a further 4 min following the final cooling period. From the end of exercise to the end of the final cooling (6.5 min), mean (+/- s.e.) rates of decrease for TTSK and TPA were similar (0.8 +/- 0.1 and 0.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C/min, respectively). The effects on TMU and TREC were less marked, with average rates of 0.2 +/- 0.1 and 0.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C/min, respectively. During the first 4 min of cooling, TPA fell during the 30 s period of water application and rose during each 30 s period of standing. When TPA fell below approximately 36.5 degrees C, these variations were suppressed and TPA rose steadily, despite continued applications; TREC and TMU continued to fall, although less rapidly than before. These observations are consistent with the onset of skin vasoconstriction at low TPA. The mechanism is mediated through a cooling of circulating blood volume providing a greater capacity for heat transfer between muscle and circulation. Intermittent application of cold water (approximately 6 degrees C) improves heat removal without apparent deleterious effects and is well tolerated. Even when hypothermia develops (based on TPA), muscle and rectal temperatures continue to fall.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

A multimethod research study on the use of complementary therapies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

CONTEXT: The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the use of complementary therapies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. OBJECTIVE: To examine factors influencing the use of complementary therapies, to explore patient-physician communication concerning those therapies, and to assess the effect of combining qualitative with quantitative research. DESIGN: In-depth qualitative interviews. PARTICIPANTS: Fourteen patients were selected from a quantitative study in which the use of complementary therapies among patients with inflammatory bowel disease was assessed. RESULTS: Patients reported using complementary therapies because of the serious side effects of medical treatment, because they felt conventional treatments did not help, and because complementary therapies were thought to be safe. Psychological and social factors for using complementary therapies must be considered and understood. Patients cited many reasons for not discussing the use of complementary therapies with their doctors. Adding qualitative data to quantitative research greatly increased the authors' understanding of factors that contribute to complementary therapy use. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple factors contribute to the decision to use complementary therapies among those with inflammatory bowel disease. Identifying these factors is important for educating physicians regarding their patients' use of complementary therapies and may contribute to improved patient-physician communication.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Effects of nitric oxide inhibition on thermoregulation during exercise in the horse.

We investigated the role of NO in the control of thermoregulation. We measured sweating rate and body temperatures (core, rectal and skin) in five thoroughbred horses during exercise of variable intensity on a high-speed treadmill. A standard exercise test (SET) consisting of three canters (8 m s-1), with walking and trotting between each canter, was performed twice, in random order, by each horse and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg ml-1), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), was infused into the central circulation after the first canter in the test SET only. L-Arginine (200 mg ml-1), a substrate of NOS, was injected after the second canter in both control and test SETs. L-NAME significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the sweating rate measured on the neck (31.6 +/- 6.4 versus 9.7 +/- 4.2 g/min/m2) and rump (14.7 +/- 5.2 versus 4.8 +/- 1.6 g/min/m2) while raising the core temperature (39.7 +/- 0.2 versus 40.6 +/- 0.7 degrees C, p < 0.05) during the second canter. In the third canter, sweating rate had increased after giving L-arginine during the test SET, but had not returned to levels measured at similar times during the control SET. Core, rectal and skin temperatures continued to rise and were significantly higher than control levels, despite giving L-arginine. The results show that inhibition of NO production reduces sweating rate in the horse during exercise thereby inducing a rise in body temperatures.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Nitric oxide and thermoregulation during exercise in the horse.

The effect of inhibition of nitric oxide production on sweating rate (SR) and on core, rectal, and tail skin temperatures was measured in five Thoroughbred horses during exercise of variable intensity on a high-speed treadmill. A standard exercise test consisting of three canters [approximately 55% maximum O2 uptake (VO2max)], with walking (approximately 9% VO2max) and trotting (approximately 22% VO2max) between each canter, was performed twice (control or test), in random order, by each horse. N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 20 mg/kg), a competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, was infused into the central circulation and induced a significant reduction in the SR measured on the neck (31.6 +/- 6.4 vs. 9.7 +/- 4.2 g x min(1) x m(-2); 69%) and rump (14.7 +/- 5.2 vs. 4.8 +/- 1.6 g x min(-1) x m(-2); 67%) of the horses during canter (P < 0.05). Significant increases in core, rectal, and tail skin temperatures were also measured (P < 0.05). L-Arginine (200 mg/kg iv) partially reversed the inhibitory effects of L-NAME on SR, but core, rectal, and tail skin temperatures continued to increase (P < 0.05), suggesting a cumulation of body heat. The results support the contention that nitric oxide synthase inhibition diminishes SR, resulting in elevated core and peripheral temperatures leading to deranged thermoregulation during exercise. The inhibition of sweating by L-NAME may be related to peripheral vasoconstriction but may also involve the neurogenic control of sweating.

Animals↗