Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to C M Wathes.
The heights of 89 horses were measured at the withers before and after half a furlong of trotting exercise. The mean (+/- sd) height increase after exercise was 1.75 +/- 0.86 cm and the horses returned to their resting height within seven minutes. There was no linear relationship between gain in height and pre-exercise height.
The survival of Escherichia coli in an aerosol was studied at several temperatures and over a range of relative humidities using a Henderson apparatus. Death occurred in two phases, the first lasting approximately 1 min; in the second the number of viable microorganisms declined exponentially. E. coli was robust and remained viable for many hours. Death was most rapid at low humidities (less than 50% r.h.) at 15 and 30 degrees C, with half-lives of 14 and 3 min respectively. In humid conditions the half-lives were much longer, approximately 83 and 14 min respectively. Based on this work, preliminary recommendations for the climate of livestock buildings can now be given to control the airborne spread of E. coli.
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1. The sensible heat transfer from a physical model of an adult fowl was investigated for the range of air speeds encountered in poultry houses in the United Kingdom, 0.09 to 2.7 m/s, equivalent to Reynolds numbers (Re) from 10(3) to 3 + 10(4). The Grashof number (Gr) range studied was from 6 + 10(6) to 10(7). 2. The pooled results were analysed to give a relationship between the Nusselt number (Nu) and Re in the mixed convective regime of : Nu = 2 + 0.79 Re0 48 A combination of Nu, Re and Gr did not produce a better fit to the results. 3. Enhancement of heat transfer observed when Re was close to 10(3) was probably caused by an interaction between the forced and natural air currents.
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1. Measurements of the micro-climate within a poultry house and physical models of heat loss produced estimates of the sensible heat losses from broilers. The partition between radiative and convective heat losses changed with age and bird activity. 2. The birds spent approximately 67% of ;their time in a cluster, in which their sensible heat losses were between 30 and 60% of those of an individual bird. 3. body plus plumage resistance was constant at 0.09 m2K/W up to 30 d and increased linearly to 0.40 m2K/W at 54 d.