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Biomedical subjects

C M Young

Publications and source records attributed to C M Young.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed1991

Young adults' knowledge of the strength of different alcoholic beverages.

Providing information about the strength of different alcoholic beverages is a common component of alcohol abuse prevention programs. However, little is known about drinkers' knowledge of the strength of different alcoholic beverages. In the present study, 113 young adult drinkers responded to a questionnaire concerning the alcohol content of different types of malt beverages (beers, malt liquors), wines, fortified wines (port, sherry), and distilled spirits. The results indicated rates of correct responses well below 50 percent for each type of alcoholic beverage, with a substantial proportion of subjects either overestimating or underestimating alcohol content. Not a single subject reported correct alcohol content values for all four beverage types. There was a trend towards less accurate estimates of the alcohol content of strength were less accurate than those of men. The results are discussed in terms of prevention of alcohol abuse.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test: false positives in a college student sample.

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), designed and validated by Selzer (1971), is widely used to screen for persons with alcohol problems. The most recent version of the MAST includes the question "Have you ever attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)?" This question may contribute to false positive identifications, as it does not specify whether attendance is for the subject's own problem drinking. In the current research, 114 college students completed the MAST along with an additional question: "Have you ever attended a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous because of your own problem drinking?" The results indicated that seven of 114 subjects (6.1%) attained inflated MAST scores because they had attended an Alcoholics Anonymous meeting, but not for their own problem drinking. It is suggested that the wording to the Alcoholics Anonymous question on the MAST be changed to reduce the number of false positive identifications produced by this instrument.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd----Be) for normal tissues in the pig. II. Late effects on cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues.

The late effects of irradiation with single and fractionated doses of X rays (250 kV) and fast neutrons (42 MeVd----Bc), on the cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues of the pig, have been evaluated from measurements of changes in relative field length. These were determined at intervals of 26-104 weeks after irradiation. For fractionated irradiation with X rays the average fractions exponent, N, obtained from a log-log plot of iso-effect dose (ED50) against fraction number was 0.41. This was independent of the period of assessment, with no significant indication of a time factor. However, the exponent N did vary with the level of effect and was in the range 0.33-0.51. It was greatest for a greater than or equal to 10% reduction in relative field length. Assuming the validity of the linear quadratic model of cell survival, the alpha/beta ratio was 1.95 Gy. However, this model fitted the data less well for the least severe levels of damage, and for these the alpha/beta ratios were not significantly different from zero. Irradiation with fast neutrons showed a small effect of fractionation for doses given in greater than or equal to 6 fractions compared with a single dose. There was no significant increase in iso-effect dose when the dose was given in 30 fractions compared with 6 fractions. The relative biological effectiveness for late cutaneous and subcutaneous damage for the energy of fast neutrons used did not vary with the period of assessment, i.e. 26-52 weeks compared with 65-104 weeks, and was not significantly different from that previously obtained for ischaemic dermal necrosis, seen after higher doses, at 12-20 weeks after irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine reduces the fever induced by polyriboinosinic acid: polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:Poly C) in rats.

Administration of either Poly I:Poly C (0.05-0.50 micrograms) or norepinephrine (2-8 micrograms) into the anterior hypothalamic area produced a dose-related fever in rats. The fever induced by Poly I:Poly C was attenuated after selective depletion of norepinephrine in the hypothalamus. However, selective depletion of hypothalamic norepinephrine did not affect the fever induced by intrahypothalamic norepinephrine. The data indicate that Poly I:Poly C may act to induce fever through the endogenous release of norepinephrine from the rat's hypothalamus.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Ischaemia reperfusion injury in pedicle skin flaps in the pig: lack of protective effect of SOD and allopurinol.

A model of ischaemia and reperfusion was established which consistently achieved a 50% reduction in viable length of random pattern pedicle skin flaps in pigs. Flaps were subjected to two periods of ischaemia and reperfusion. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) in a dose of 3000 mu/kg given intravenously and allopurinol 70 mg/kg/day orally had no effect on viable skin flap length, skin blood flow or histological characteristics of flaps. SOD polymers, which have been used in other species to delay SOD clearance, were found to cause anaphylactoid reactions in pigs.

Allopurinol↗
PubMed1987

Maternal dietary restriction during pregnancy and lactation: effect on digestive organ development in suckling rats.

To examine the relative effects of maternal malnutrition during pregnancy and lactation on development of the pancreas and small intestine in suckling pups, rats were restricted to 50% of control (C) intake beginning at day 5 of pregnancy. Immediately after birth, some litters were exchanged such that some C dams were suckling pups born to 50%-restricted dams (C/50) and vice versa (50/C). Other litters were allowed to stay with their own mothers, which received a control or restricted diet as during pregnancy (C/C and 50/50). Pups nurtured by restricted dams had reduced body weights, intestinal lengths, hepatic and pancreatic weights, and specific activities of pancreatic lipase and small intestinal brush border sucrase and maltase. Small intestinal lactase levels were higher in the groups of pups from mothers restricted during lactation. In nearly all cases, the 50/C group was the most severely affected while the C/50 group was intermediate between the C/C and 50/50 groups.

Amylases↗
PubMed1986

Effect of nutritional rehabilitation on the development of intestinal brush border disaccharidases of postnatally malnourished weanling rats.

The reversibility of the effects of postnatal malnutrition on the intestinal brush border enzymes and somatic and intestinal weights were examined using either ad libitum or restricted feedings. Malnutrition was induced in the immediate postnatal period by expanding newborn rat litters to 20 pups/dam. At 21 days of age, malnourished pups exhibited significantly decreased body and intestinal weights as compared to those from control litters. Malnourished pups also had significantly elevated lactase specific activities whereas sucrase and maltase activities were not affected in the proximal small intestine. With subsequent nutritional rehabilitation by an ad libitum (food available 24 h/day) or restricted feeding regimen (food available 2 h/day), body and intestinal weights remained significantly depressed by 56 days in malnourished as compared to control animals. Rats on 2-h feedings consumed approximately 35% of the food consumed by their ad libitum-fed counterparts. Comparison of the ratio of weight gained to the amount of food consumed did not demonstrate a greater food efficiency with any particular feeding pattern. With ad libitum or restricted feedings, lactase specific activity in the proximal segment attained control values by 14 days. Restricted feedings resulted in an apparent elevation of specific activity of sucrase and of maltase, when rats were sacrificed at one chosen time point. Multiple time studies in a 24-h cycle showed that maximal elevations in enzyme activities were associated with feeding time. There were no significant differences in mean specific daily enzyme activities between the two feeding regimens. Restricted feedings show no advantage in enzyme efficiency or in promoting the rate of recovery of the intestine after postnatal malnutrition.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Incidence of ocular abnormalities in patients with sickle hemoglobinopathies.

We examined 110 consecutive unselected patients with SS, SC, or Sthal sickle hemoglobinopathies to determine the prevalence of various retinal lesions within each group. The most prevalent retinal abnormality was the black sunburst, occurring in 46% of SS patients, 63% of SC patients, and 37% of Sthal patients. Our data also suggest that retinal lesions become more prevalent up to the fifth decade of life. Included in our series was an eight-year-old SS hemoglobin patient who presented with a dense vitreous hemorrhage secondary to a large salmon patch that had bled into the vitreous, reducing her vision to 20/200.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

The binding of copper(II) and zinc(II) to oxidized glutathione.

1H and 13C NMR studies of Zn(II) binding to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in aqueous solution over the pH range 4-11 show that it forms a complex with a 1:1 Zn:GSSG stoichiometry. At pH values between 6 and 11 the metal ligands are the COO- and NH2 groups of the glutamate residues. Below pH 5 the glycine end of the molecule also binds to the metal ions. EPR and visible absorption spectra of Cu(II) GSSG solutions suggest that similar complexes are formed with Cu(II). The solid products obtained from these solutions are shown by analysis and EPR to be primarily binuclear with Cu2GSSG stoichiometry, although the structures depend on the pH and stoichiometry of the solution from which they were obtained.

Copper↗
PubMed1985

Effects of varying degrees of chronic dietary restriction in rat dams on reproductive and lactational performance and body composition in dams and their pups.

To assess the effects of varying degrees of chronic dietary restriction, rats were fed ad libitum or were restricted to 75%, 50% or 40% of ad libitum intake beginning 28 days prior to breeding and continuing through day 14 of lactation. Pup birth weight did not differ among the groups, but maternal weight gain, net maternal growth, and litter number were proportional to dietary intake. During lactation, maternal weight loss was minimal in all groups and carcass protein proportions remained constant. However, maternal fat stores were mobilized in all groups, with smaller changes in the 50% group. Milk yield was reduced in restricted dams. Despite a partial compensation in milk yield by the 75% group, litter weights were proportional to maternal dietary level. In contrast, rats in the 50% group made no compensation in milk yield. Possible explanations for the discrepancy between milk yield and litter growth are explored.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1984

Norms for hand grip strength.

Norms for hand grip strength of healthy children are presented. Sex and age specific centiles for age 5 to 18 years have been determined using a portable strain gauge dynamometer with an accuracy of 0.5 N. The test group comprised 1417 healthy, urban school children from a middle class suburb of Brisbane. Mean maximum grip strength (of four tests, two with each hand) and mean peak grip strength (best of four tests) were recorded. Mean values of peak grip strength were 10 to 15% higher than the average maximum grip in all age groups. At all ages girls had a reduced grip strength compared with boys and although boys manifested a continual, approximately linear increase in grip strength through all age groups, girls manifested an approximately linear increase up to 13 years after which mean hand grip usually remained constant. By the age of 18 years boys had a mean grip strength some 60% higher than girls. Correlations with height and weight are also presented. "Handedness' influenced grip strength and was most noticeable in children aged over 10 years. The clinical use of hand grip strength centiles for the early indication of neurological and muscular disorders and for following the natural history of neuromuscular disease is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

A study of neonates' differential responses to three voices, as measured by transcutaneous oxymonitor.

123 newborn infants were tested for changes in arterial oxygen status as an index of response to three voices, one of these being the maternal voice. Male infants responded more than female infants to their mother's voice, but female infants showed a higher response to the other female voice and the male voice. Black infants of each sex responded more than white infants to the maternal voice and to the other female voice. White female infants responded more than black female infants to the male voice.

Black or African American↗
PubMed1983

A product report: Osto-Zyme as an odor eliminator.

A product, Osto-Zyme, was clinically tested at our Institute for the elimination of odor. Thirteen clients were chosen by enterostomal therapists to be tested. The product was sprayed directly into pouch, peristomal skin, and into night drainage units. This product proved very effective in the elimination of odor. The manufacturer of Osto-Zyme is the Richard C. Shelton Co., Wright Brothers Branch, Dayton, Ohio.

Aged↗