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Biomedical subjects

C Maffeis

Publications and source records attributed to C Maffeis.

52 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Meal-induced thermogenesis in obese children with or without familial history of obesity.

Resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were measured in a group of 26 prepubertal children divided into three groups: (1) children with both parents obese (n = 8, group OB2); (2) children with no obese parents and without familial history of obesity (n = 8, OB0); and (3) normal body weight children (n = 10, C). Average RMR was similar in OB2 and OB0 children (4785 +/- 274 kJ/day vs 5091 +/- 543 kJ/day), but higher (P < 0.05) than in controls (4519 +/- 322 kJ/day). Adjusted for fat-free mass (FFM) mean RMRs were comparable in the three groups of children (4891 +/- 451 kJ/day vs 5031 +/- 451 kJ/day vs 4686 +/- 451 kJ/day in OB2, OB0, and C, respectively). The thermic response to the mixed meal was similar in OB2, OB0 and C groups. The TEM calculated as the percentage of RMR was lower (P < 0.05) in obese than in control children: 10.2% +/- 3.1% vs 10.9% +/- 4.3% vs 14.0% +/- 4.3% in OB2, OB0, and C, respectively. The similar RMR as absolute value as well as adjusted for FFM, and the comparable thermic effect of food in the obese children with or without familial history of obesity, failed to support the view that family history of obesity can greatly influence the RMR and the TEM of the obese child with obese parents.

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1993

Energy expenditure during walking and running in obese and nonobese prepubertal children.

We measured body composition and energy expenditure during walking and running on a treadmill in 40 prepubertal children: 23 obese children (9.3 +/- 1.1 years of age; 46 +/- 10 kg (mean +/- SD)) and 17 nonobese matched control children (9.2 +/- 0.6 years of age; 30 +/- 5 kg). Energy expenditure was assessed by indirect calorimetry with a standard open-circuit method. At the same speed of exercise, the energy expenditure was significantly (p < 0.01) greater in obese than in control children, in both boys and girls. Expressed per kilogram of body weight or per kilogram of fat-free mass, the energy expenditure was comparable in the two groups. Obese children had a significantly (p < 0.01) larger pulmonary ventilatory response to exercise than did control children. Heart rate was comparable in boys and girls combined but significantly higher (p < 0.05) in obese subjects, if boys and girls were analyzed separately. These data indicate that walking and running are energetically more expensive for obese children than for children of normal body weight. The knowledge of these energy costs could be useful in devising a physical activity program to be used in the treatment of obese children.

Body Weight↗
PubMed1993

Resting metabolic rate in six- to ten-year-old obese and nonobese children.

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition of 130 obese and nonobese prepubertal children, aged 6 to 10 years, were assessed by indirect calorimetry and skin-fold thickness, respectively. The mean (+/- SD) RMR was 4619 +/- 449 kJ.day-1 (164 +/- 31 kJ.kg body weight-1 x day-1) in the 62 boys and 4449 +/- 520 kJ.day-1 (147 +/- 32 kJ.kg body weight-1 x day-1) in the 68 girls. Fat-free mass was the best single predictor of RMR (R2 = 0.64; p < 0.001). Step-down multiple regression analysis, with independent variables such as age, gender, weight, and height, allowed several RMR predictive equations to be developed. An equation for boys is as follows: RMR (kJ.day-1) = 1287 + 28.6 x Weight(kg) + 23.6 x Height(cm) - 69.1 x Age(yr) (R2 = 0.58; p < 0.001). An equation for girls is as follows: RMR (kJ.day-1 = 1552 + 35.8 x Weight (kg) + 15.6 x Height (cm) - 36.3 x Age (yr) (R2 = 0.69; p < 0.001). Comparison between the measured RMR and that predicted by currently used formulas showed that most of these equations tended to overestimate the RMR of both genders, especially in overweight children.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1993

Meal-induced thermogenesis in lean and obese prepubertal children.

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) and the thermic effect of a meal (TEM) were measured in a group of 16 prepubertal (8.8 +/- 0.3 y) obese children (43.6 +/- 9.2 kg) and compared with a group of 10 age-matched (8.6 +/- 0.4 y), normal-weight children (31.0 +/- 6.0 kg). The RMR was higher in the obese than in the control children (4971 +/- 485 vs 4519 +/- 326 kJ/d, P < 0.05); after the RMR was adjusted for the effect of fat-free mass (FFM) the values were not significantly different (4887 +/- 389 vs 4686 +/- 389 kJ/d). The thermic response to a liquid mixed meal, expressed as a percentage of the energy content of the meal, was significantly lower in obese than in control children (4.4 +/- 1.2% vs 5.9 +/- 1.7%, P < 0.05). The blunted TEM shown by the obese children could favor weight gain and suggests that the defect in thermogenesis reported in certain obese adults may have already originated early in life.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of obesity in children in north-east Italy.

This study was performed to analyse the prevalence of obesity in children living in six different areas of the north-east of Italy. The study included 1523 children (749 male, 774 female), divided into four age categories (4, 8, 10, 12 +/- 0.5 years of age, respectively). The physical characteristics of the children were measured by trained and standardized examiners. In accordance with the guidelines on the Italian Consensus Conference on Obesity (Rome, 4-6 June 1991), a child was defined as obese when his weight was higher than 120% of the weight predicted for height, as calculated from the Tanner's tables. On average, the prevalence of obesity was higher in males than in females (15.7% vs. 11%). The highest prevalence was seen in 10-year-old males (23.4%). The prevalence increased with age both in males (4 years = 3.6%, 8 years = 11.2%, 10 years = 23.4%, 12 years = 17.3%) and in females (4 years = 2%, 8 years = 13.3%, 10 years = 12.7%, 12 years = 11.9%). This tendency was maintained when calculating the obesity prevalence by other methods, such as BMI, triceps skinfold and fat mass, although the magnitude of the prevalence was different depending on the criteria used to define it. A consensus on more precise criteria to define obesity is needed for a better diagnosis of obesity in childhood and to allow a more reliable measurement and comparison of the prevalence of obesity among populations.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

HLA-antigens in Italian type 1 diabetic patients: role of DR3/DR4 antigens and breast feeding in the onset of the disease.

HLA-A, B, C, DR and DQ typing was performed in 381 Italian insulin-dependent diabetic patients and in 905 normal Italian subjects. The diabetic patients had significantly higher frequencies of HLA-Cw7, B8, B18, DR3, DR4, DQw2 and DQw3 and significantly lower frequencies of HLA-B17, Bw51, DR2, DR7 and DRw11. The frequency of heterozygosity for HLA-DR3/DR4 was significantly higher in patients who developed the disease in the first 2 years of life and DR3+/DR4-, DQw2 and DQw3 alleles were higher in those aged less than 14 years at onset. The HLA-DR4 allele was associated with onset of diabetes in autumn and HLA-B18 with onset in Autumn-winter. Diabetic children who were breast fed had a later onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus than those who were bottle fed but these differences were independent of HLA typing (11.8 +/- 0.72 years vs 9.23 +/- 0.42 years; mean +/- SEM). We conclude that: (1) in general, HLA distribution in Italian insulin-dependent diabetic patients reflects previous data reported in other European and North American populations; (2) HLA-DR3 and DR4 are strongly associated with insulin-dependent diabetes in Italy as well, and these alleles seem to predispose to an earlier onset of the disease; and (3) breast feeding may delay the onset of the disease.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Effect of weight loss on resting energy expenditure in obese prepubertal children.

To assess the effect of weight loss on resting metabolic rate (RMR), the energy expenditure of eight obese prepubertal children (age 9 +/- 1 years; weight 48.7 +/- 9.1 kg; BMI 25.3 +/- 3.9) and of 14 age-matched children of normal body weight (age 9 +/- 1 years; weight 28.8 +/- 5.6 kg; BMI 16.5 +/- 1.7) was measured by indirect calorimetry. The obese children were reinvestigated after a mean weight loss of 5.4 +/- 1.2 kg induced by a six-months mixed hypocaloric diet. Before slimming, the obese group showed a higher daily energy intake than the control group (10.40 +/- 3.45 MJ/day vs 7.97 +/- 2.02 MJ/day respectively; P less than 0.05) but a similar value was observed per unit fat-free mass (FFM) (0.315 +/- 0.032 MJ/kgFFM/day vs 0.329 +/- 0.041 MJ/kgFFM/day respectively). The average RMR of the obese children was greater than that of the control group (5217 +/- 531 kJ/day vs 4477 +/- 506 kJ/day) but similar after adjusting for FFM (4728 +/- 3102 kJ/day vs 4899 +/- 3102 kJ/day). Weight loss resulted in a reduction in RMR (5217 +/- 531 kJ/day vs 4874 +/- 820 kJ/day), each kg of weight loss being accompanied by a decrease of RMR of 64 kJ (15.3 kcal) per day. The changes in RMR induced by weight loss paralleled the changes in FFM. No difference was found in average RQ in obese children vs controls (0.85 +/- 0.03 vs 0.87 +/- 0.03 respectively) and in the obese children before and after weight loss (0.87 +/- 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Basal Metabolism↗
PubMed1992

Postprandial thermogenesis in obese children before and after weight reduction.

The thermic effect of a meal (TEM) was measured in a group of 10 prepubertal obese children before (OB) and after (OA) weight reduction, and in a group of 10 age-matched control children (C) of normal body weight. Following a hypocaloric balanced diet for 6 +/- 1 months, the obese children lost 5.2 +/- 1.3 kg i.e. 11% of their initial body weight. The thermic response to the mixed liquid meal - fed at an energy level corresponding to 30% of the 24 h premeal resting metabolic rate - was found to be significantly lower in OB than in C children (61 +/- 25 kJ.3h-1 vs 79 +/- 21 kJ.3h-1, P less than 0.05), despite their higher test meal energy. After slimming, the TEM of obese children increased towards the controls' values (73 +/- 30 kJ.3h-1). These results support the hypothesis of the existence of a moderate thermogenic defect in some obese children which represents a consequence rather than an aetiological factor of obesity.

Blood Glucose↗
PubMed1991

Basal energy expenditure in obese and normal weight schoolchildren.

The present study was performed using indirect calorimetry to test the hypothesis of a reduction of the basal energy expenditure in obese prepubertal children. The obese and control children studied were comparable regarding age, height and fat-free mass (FFM). Total weight and body fat percentage were significantly greater in the obese children. Plasma insulin and glucagon concentrations were significantly higher in obese than in control children. In the two groups of children the basal metabolic rates (BMRs) were comparable in both absolute values and values adjusted for FFM, age and gender utilizing the multiple regression analysis. The most important variable to predict BMR was FFM, followed by age. BMR was significantly correlated with FFM, both for obese and control children, and also when the two groups were combined. In conclusion, our data do not support the idea that a child's obesity is maintained by increased metabolic efficiency at least in basal conditions.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus epidemiology: HLA genotype study in 12 north eastern Italian families with two siblings affected by type I diabetes.

The purpose of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the histocompatibility antigens and type I diabetes mellitus in families living in the north-eastern part of Italy. In each family two siblings were affected by diabetes. HLA-antigens were determined with the lymphocytotoxicity test, utilizing antisera of the series A-B-C-DR. The phenotypic frequencies were compared with those observed in controls. We showed that diabetes has a strong association with HLA DR 3 and/or DR 4 antigens. In particular we registered high frequency of compound heterozygous DR 3 - DR 4 subjects, and this fact supports the hypothesis of the existence of two different genes for diabetes associated with these HLA antigens. Moreover we observed a particular haplotype segregation with a very high percentage of HLA identity between patients belonging to the same family, confirming the association between HLA and genetic susceptibility to insulin dependent diabetes. These results confirm data in the literature and, completed by other data from other patients' families living in our area, will be useful in providing reliable genetic counselling.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

HLA gene and phenotype data of 60 insulin-dependent diabetic patients from north-eastern Italy. A negative association with DR5 rather than DR2?

The purpose of our study was to evaluate what kind of relationships exist between HLA antigens and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), in 20 families and in 40 single patients coming from and living in North Eastern Italy. The subjects studied show a strong association with HLA-DR3 and/or -DR4; at least one of these antigens is present in 88% of the diabetic subjects; this confirms that these antigens play a role in the pathogenesis of IDDM. We also noticed a negative association between IDDM and DR5 rather than DR2 and DR7. This result supports the hypothesis of a specific protective effect of DR5, at least as regards the population studied. Possibly, the gene(s) hypothetically involved in the protection against IDDM is (are) in linkage disequilibrium with DR2 and/or DR7 in some Caucasian populations and with DR5 in others. Another important result is the frequent HLA identity (75% of cases) among diabetic siblings of the same families. This result indicates that HLA identity is the main condition responsible for the susceptibility to the disease in the healthy siblings with HLA antigens identical to the diabetic siblings.

Alleles↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Nutrition and insulin dependent diabetes in the young: general approaches.

The so called diabetic diet, with a high intake of protein and fat, grown up in order to gain a better glycemic control, can be responsible for long term impairment of macro-angiopathic complication. For this reason many paediatric diabetologists, according to recent Dietary Allowances, recommend to diabetic children and adolescents a diet with the following characteristics: A variable total energy intake based on energy need High content of starch, particularly rich in soluble fibres Protein content lower than usual intake Increased mono and polyunsaturated fats.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Physical exercise and insulin dependent diabetes in the young: general approaches.

Exercise is worth while for general health and well being; and is beneficial and safe for the young with IDDM as well. The patient must learn to adapt to insulin and/or diet, attending education and training program. The many examples of world-class athletes and participants in the Olympic Games with diabetes serve as impressive evidence that in spite of being dependent on insulin, they are able to participate successfully and without complications in physical activities and high-performance sports.

Child↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Energy metabolism at rest and the respiratory quotient in obese and normal-weight prepubertal children].

The resting metabolic rate (RMR) was measured in obese (n. 14) and normo-weight (n. 14) pre-pubertal children using indirect calorimetry: correlations between RMR and anthropometric and metabolic parameters were also assessed in order to identify the existence of a causal relationship between the reduction of the RMR and the onset of obesity in children. RMR was expressed as an absolute value and appeared to be higher in obese subjects in comparison to controls (5138 +/- 498 kJ/d vs 4443 +/- 481, p less than 0.0001). If corrected for Kg of fat free mass (FFM), the anthropometric variable which accounts for the major (75%) variations of RMR, resting metabolism in obese subjects was lower than that in normal weight controls (173.2 +/- 20.1 kJ/kg FFM/d vs 189.9 +/- 17.6, p less than 0.05). The lower percentage of metabolic active organs which make up the lean body mass in FFM (brain, heart, liver and kidneys) and the absence of a defect in resting thermogenesis in the obese child could nevertheless explain the reduction of RMR/kg FFM observed in the study.

Basal Metabolism↗