Biomedical subjects
Publications and source records attributed to C Maillot.
A case of varicella with pancreatic pain as a first manifestation, a typical papulovesicular rash, pulmonary and hepatic and esophageal localizations occurring in an immunocompetent adult is reported. Treatment with intravenous acyclovir resulted in a prompt improvement and recovery in less than 4 days.
The aim of this study is to describe the vascular characteristics of the nucleus caudatus (NC). This study is performed on 30 human brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. Examination of serial slices, 250 microns thickness, made translucent by the Spalteholz method, enabled us to follow the course and behavior of the vessels of the NC. The arteries of the NC belong to the group of the central arteries arising from the anterior and middle cerebral arteries or from the anterior choroidal arteries. Inside the different parts of the NC (head, body and tail) the central arteries and their ramifications give rise to a specific vascular network quite similar to this one of the putamen. This network consists of regular, polygonal, rectangular or square meshes. Each mesh is composed by the juxtaposition of vascular units formed by an arterial ring arranged around a principal vein which is surrounded by a capillary free space. The arterioles of the network of the NC are terminal or side branches of the central arteries. They are characteristic in their course by forming rope-like structures (coils) also described on the ramifications of the putaminal central arteries. Similarities between the vascular networks of the NC and the putamen are in relation with the histological structure, with the morphogenetic evolution, with the functional activity. The specificity and the clear delimitation of the vascular networks of the NC and of the putamen are particularly obvious in cerebral vascular diseases leading to infarcts strictly limited to these two nuclei.
The arterial vascularization of the dura mater of the anterior cranial fossa belongs to the middle meningeal artery, branch of the external carotid artery, and to the ophthalmic artery issued from the internal carotid artery. This vascular diagram presents numerous variations, whose complexity may be explained by the vascular morphogenesis. The distribution of the dural arteries and the dural microvasculature are described.
The microanatomy of the lateral sellar or parasellar venous system (so-called cavernous sinus) is poorly understood and is still passionately debated. The exact nature of this venous structure is not yet clear whether it is a plexus or a sinus. In order to understand the anatomy of this area better, an embryological and adult microanatomical study was performed. Serial histological sections of human embryos and fetuses of well determined ages (6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 14, 30 weeks) were used. The adult study was performed with microdissections and serial histological sections of laterosellar compartments. The analysis of this material confirms that the parasellar venous system is a true sinus, on the embryological and histological point of view. They differ from true veins. As other dural sinuses, it may contain different types of channels: from simple venous canal to complex venous plexus. The opinions of different authors are reviewed in the introduction and discussed with the results.
The arterial vasculature of the lenticular nucleus was studied on 30 human brains the vascular system of which was injected with Indian ink mixed with gelose. The arteries of the lenticular nucleus belong to the group of anterior central arteries issued from the internal carotid artery and its terminal branches, except for the posterior cerebral artery. Examination of serial sections made translucent by the Spalteholtz method enabled us to follow the courses of these vessels within the lenticular nucleus. In this nucleus two vascular networks were present, with different vascular organization and density. These differences were due to the histological structure and specific embryonic origin of each part of the lenticular nucleus.
The present study has been carried out in order to better understand the so-called cavernous sinus lateral wall anatomy. Special attention has been drawn at the sheaths of the cranial nerves running through it. Serial sections of the parasellar region of four human embryos (7, 10, 11, 12 week-old), two fetuses (14 week-old and 7 month-old), one adult and cadaveric microdissections (14 cavernous sinus) have been used. We could observe that the oculomotor and the trochlear nerve possess meningeal sheaths, which accompany the nerves into the parasellar lodge up to the anterior clinoid process for the oculomotor nerve. However, the remaining distal portion of these nerves are embedded in a peripheral sheath. Conversely, the meninges of the Meckel's cave stop at the trigeminal ganglion, its branches have only peripheral sheaths and are located, as the venous system, in an "interperiosto-dural space". The presence of arachnoid granulations into the lateral and superior walls of the lodge, around the trigeminal ganglion, near the oculomotor, trochlear and ophthalmic nerves explains the location of meningiomas in these areas. These anatomical findings could provide the basis for a classification of meningiomas of the cavernous sinus and help the surgeon to preserve the uninvolved cranial nerves.
The nucleus lentiformis vascular networks were studied in 30 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The nucleus lentiformis is divided into a medial part, the globus pallidus, and a lateral part, the putamen. These two parts differ completely from one another in their embryology, structure and functions. For these reasons, each part presents a specific vascular network. The putaminal network is dense and shows many similarities with the cerebral cortex vascular network; the pallidal one is simpler and less dense. These two vascular networks are located close to each other without overlapping. Their specificity may be in relation with the histological structure, with the morphogenetic evolution or with the functional activity of both nuclei to which they provide the vascularization.
The anatomical and radiological study of the greater palatine canal allows to show that this canal constitutes a significant communication between the oral cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa. It contains vessels and nerve directly related with the pterygopalatine segment of the maxillary artery and nerve. The radiological and CT study of this canal allows a better understanding and accomplishment of surgical or anaesthetic treatments concerned with the posterior maxillary region.
After a broad review of the literature published on the subject, the morphology of the infra-orbitary artery is precise and its collateral and terminal branches are described. This study is also carried out on histological sections of different aged fetuses. The integration way of the infra-orbitary artery into the facial vascular system allows to fully understand the morphology and distribution of its anastomoses with the other branches of the external carotid artery or those arised from the internal carotid artery.
The present review includes a thorough morphological study of the pedicles of lumbar vertebrae. After a detailed description of the pedicles, their dimensions (transverse and vertical diameters, pediculo-corporeal length), their orientation and structure are studied. These different factors allow a better understanding of new orthopedic surgical techniques of the lumbar spine.
The vascularization of the corpus callosum in Man is studied in 20 brains. Their vascular system is injected with Indian ink and gelatin. The corpus callosum is drained by callosal veins and callosocingulate veins towards the deep venous system of the brain. Most of these veins run downwards and join together at the central level of the corpus callosum. They then form the subependymal veins, which form the septal veins and the medial atrial vein. All these vessels are tributaries of the internal cerebral veins.
In this study the structures of the three meningeal membranes which surround the spinal cord and delineate the perispinal spaces are described. The pia mater is composed of a deep layer and a superficial layer. This structural arrangement accounts for the relations of the pia mater with the spinal vessels and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The morphology, structure and landmark value of the denticulate ligament are then defined. Following a brief description of the dura mater and the arachnoidea, the arrangement of the meningeal sleeves of the spinal nerves is detailed. Meningeal structures similar to the cranial arachnoidal granulations are described, and the question of CSF physiology is considered. The secretion and circulation of the CSF are briefly described, and the problem of spinal resorption is discussed. CSF resorption can be effected by ascending, lymphatic or venous routes.
The blood supply of the corpus callosum is studied in 20 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The arterial vascularization derives mainly from the anterior cerebral arteries, accessed from the median artery of the corpus callosum or from the terminal and choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. The various arteries give off perforating branches which are direct or indirect, short, of middle length or long. All these arteries concentrate on the peripheral wall of the corpus callosum. Inside of it these various arteries give off numerous terminal and collateral branches running between the nervous fibres and forming a characteristic vascular network which nourishes the capillary network. The venous vascularization of the corpus callosum is tributary to the deep venous system of the brain and concentrates on the central wall of the commissure.
This study describes the structures of the three meningeal envelopes surrounding the spinal cord and delineating the perispinal spaces. The pia mater is a membrane constituted of a deep and a superficial layer. This structural organization explains the relationship of the piamater with the spinal vessels and the cerebrospinal fluid. The morphology, the structure and the topographic value of the ligamentum denticulatum are then defined. After remaining the structure of the duramater and of the arachnoidea, the organization of the meningeal envelopes of the spinal nerves is described. Meningeal structures similar to cranial arachnoid granulations are described. The problem of the cerebrospinal fluid physiology is then discussed. After remaining the secretion and circulation of the cerebro spinal fluid, the problem of its spinal resorption is discussed. This resorption can be done by ascending pathways either lymphatics or veins.
The blood supply of the corpus callosum in Man is studied in 20 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous indian ink. The arterial vascularization of the corpus callosum is derived, although in an unequal way, from both of the arterial systems of the brain: the carotid system and the vertebral-basilar system. The carotid system contributes mainly to this supply by the anterior cerebral artery which is the main artery of the corpus callosum. It accessorily contributes to it by the anterior communicating artery which gives off an inconstant artery called median artery of the corpus callosum. The vertebral-basilar system contributes to the blood supply of the corpus callosum by the terminal branches and by choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral artery. These various arteries give off perforating arteries which are direct or indirect, short, of middle length or long. Inside the corpus callosum, these various arteries give off numerous terminal and collateral branches which run between the nervous fibers. They anastomose with homologous neighbouring branches to form a characteristic vascular network. The arrangement of this network is in close connection with the disposition and the orientation of the commisural fibers which form the different parts of the corpus callosum.
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The human tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle is vascularized by arteries arising from the two systems which form the arterial circle of the base, i.e. the internal carotid system and the vertebral basilar system. This blood supply is given by one anterior choroidal artery and by several posterior choroidal arteries. These arteries anastomose to form multiple indirect and remote links between the carotid and vertebral basilar systems. The capillary networks of the tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle consists of a velar network and of a choroidal network. This duality is constantly observed in the choroid formations of the human brain. The venous vascularization of the tela is tributary of the venous circle of the base of the brain through choroidal veins that drain either into the internal cerebral veins or into the basal veins.
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