What should schools do about malaria?
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Africa South of the Sahara↗
Biomedical subjects
C O Pannenborg
Publications and source records attributed to C O Pannenborg.
The development of contraceptive technology. Case studies of incentives and disincentives to innovation.
This paper examines the characteristics of the process of innovation as applied to a range of contraceptive technologies. Whereas the understanding of how and why innovation works or does not work has grown in the past few decades in such professional fields as electronics, aviation, and optics, only the first attempts are currently under way in medicine. Borrowing from other fields, this paper proposes a theoretical underpinning to the process of innovation as it would apply to the development of medical technology. Subsequently, it documents this process with regard to contraceptive technology (oral contraceptives, injectables, intrauterine devices, implants, and surgical contraception), providing a framework of first-, second-, and third-generation definitions of development. A number of observations about the importance of certain supply- and demand-side determinants of the direction and rate of medical innovation conclude the essay.
Animals↗
Shifting paradigms of international health.
The evolution of international health is showing increasing symptoms of decline. The paradigms of world health crystallized into a clear system of international health relations in the post-war period (1945-1960), based upon the tenet to preserve and promote peace, culminating in the establishment and effectiveness of the World Health Organization (WHO). The last decades have witnessed the emergence of Primary Health Care (PHC) and the subsequent objective of "Health for All" (HFA) as the guiding principles of the field. By the 1990s, however, the strategic weakness of these paradigms has become apparent, yet no realistic substitute is in sight. Unless a serious and urgent attempt is undertaken at reformulating its basic conceptual tenets, the field of international health, and with it WHO, is risking a major decline and could ultimately pass into obscurity and oblivion.
Forecasting↗
Future technological implications of demographic changes into the 21st century.
Throughout history there has been a constant interaction between the presence or absence of technological developments and demography. Technology in general and health technologies in particular have contributed to substantial changes in the demographic situation to the extent that even the morbidity and mortality patterns have adapted to technological progress. It is speculated that the demographic imperative will, during the third millennium, shift the centre of gravity of our world towards the Pacific basin. This in turn may influence our norms, values and practice of health care to the same extent as colonialism permeated the African, Asian and American health systems during the period of colonialism.
Demography↗