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Biomedical subjects

C O'Brien

Publications and source records attributed to C O'Brien.

At least 73 records · Page 4Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Variation in lymphoma incidence within Yorkshire Health Region.

The spatial distribution of new cases of lymphoma occurring in Yorkshire between 1978 and 1982 has been studied. Administrative districts were used as the basis for analysis and differences in age standardised incidence rates between districts were determined. Excessive rates for NHL were found to occur in Scarborough, York and Leeds districts. In addition an analysis contrasting broadly urban and rural districts showed an excess of NHL in rural areas, particularly of the follicular subtypes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Spatial patterns in electoral wards with high lymphoma incidence in Yorkshire health region.

The possibilities of clustering between those electoral wards which display higher than expected incidences of cases of the lymphomas occurring between 1978 and 1982 are examined. Clusters are defined as being those wards with cases in excess (at a probability of less than 10%) which are geographically adjacent to each other. A separate analysis extends the definition of cluster to include high incidence wards that are adjacent or separated by one other ward. The results indicate that many high incidence lymphoma wards do occur close together and when computer simulations are used to compute expected results, many of the observed results are shown to be highly improbable both in the overall number of clustering wards and in the largest number of wards comprising a 'cluster'.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed1987

Hodgkin's disease: case control epidemiological study in Yorkshire.

This is the first report of a case-control epidemiological study on lymphomas and leukaemias occurring in Yorkshire during 1979-84. This paper deals with the results of the Hodgkin's disease analysis comprising 248 cases and 489 controls. The results indicate support for previous work with respect to small family size and past history of infectious mononucleosis. Positive observations made in a previous pilot study are also confirmed and extended with respect to associations with certain chronic skin lesions, dental anaesthesia and familial factors. Negative associations are described with respect to X-ray exposures and cigarette smoking. It is proposed that these results fit into a general hypothesis that these conditions are the result of interaction between infectious agents and altered immunity in those persons genetically predisposed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Cooperative effect of thyroid and glucocorticoid hormones on the induction of hepatic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in vivo and in cultured hepatocytes.

The present study investigates the effect and interaction of glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones on the induction of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPck) mRNA and enzyme protein under in vivo conditions and in serum-free cultured hepatocytes from hypothyroid rats. In hypothyroid/adrenalectomized rats T3 significantly enhanced the cAMP induced PEPck mRNA activity within 3-6 h. This effect was further enhanced by the presence of glucocorticoids. The half-life of PEPck mRNA, as determined after administration of cordycepin, was not affected by hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism (t 1/2 approximately equal to 45 min), but considerably prolonged by the absence of glucocorticoid hormones (t 1/2 less than 80 min). In hepatocytes in culture Bt2cAMP (0.2 mM) provoked an increase in translatable PEPck mRNA within 2 h incubation time. Preincubation with either T3 (0.1 microM) or dexamethasone (0.1 microM) for 4 h significantly enhanced the cAMP response on PEPck mRNA. Addition of both, T3 plus dexamethasone further enhanced this Bt2cAMP-mediated effect. By measurement of PEPck synthesis corresponding findings were observed. It is concluded that glucocorticoid and thyroid hormones predominantly enhance the cAMP-provoked induction of hepatic PEPck mRNA and, consequently, of PEPck synthesis. Their effect is rapid, significant and additive, indicating an independent action. While glucocorticoids, in addition, accelerate PEPck mRNA degradation, the PEPck mRNA decay rate is similar in the presence and absence of thyroid hormones.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Indium-111-labeled autologous leukocyte scanning in gastrointestinal graft versus host disease (GVHD).

The technique of scanning with indium-111 autologous leukocytes has been used to assess gastrointestinal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) following allogenic marrow transplantation. In patients with active disease, abdominal scans showed extensive abnormal localization in the bowel, while in those whose disease was quiescent after responding to treatment, scans showed localized ileocecal involvement. Rectal histology showed excellent agreement with scanning in the diagnosis of GVHD, but in three of six cases with active disease underestimated disease severity. Indium-111 leukocyte scanning is a useful noninvasive technique for the diagnosis and assessment of gut GVHD.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1986

The spectrum of liver disease in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Abnormal liver chemistries, unexplained fevers, or hepatomegaly prompted 36 liver biopsies on 34 patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The most common finding was the presence of hepatic granulomas, seen in 13 of the biopsy specimens. Eight of these granulomas were ill-defined, and 5 were more clearly associated with mycobacterial disease. Portal fibrosis and fatty infiltration were common, but a paucity of significant inflammatory activity was seen despite elevated aspartate aminotransferase levels, perhaps related to the underlying immunoincompetent status. Other noteworthy histopathologic findings included 1 patient each with peliosis hepatis and cryptococcal hepatitis. Electron-microscopic evidence of cytoplasmic tubular structures or viral particles were seen within the hepatocytes of 2 patients. It is concluded that a broad spectrum of hepatic histopathology may be seen in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and that liver biopsy may be diagnostically valuable in the clinical investigation of such patients.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1986

Rising incidence of lymphoid malignancies--true or false?

The report contrasts the ascertainment of cases by the regional cancer registry with a specially designed search for records and pathology material which was then submitted to critical review irrespective of the original diagnosis. Boundary changes over the intervening years were accounted for and the results contrasted between time periods and with the cancer registry records. A large proportion of cancer registry cases were never subjected to histopathological diagnosis and comparisons between the new data and records are not easy to undertake. The study describes a probable true rise in the incidence of follicular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in certain parts of Yorkshire over the last 20 years; there is less evidence of a similar change in Hodgkin's disease incidence over the same period of time.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Peripheral mucociliary clearance with high-frequency chest wall compression.

We investigated the effects of high-frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC) on peripheral and tracheal mucus clearance in anesthetized spontaneously breathing dogs. HFCWC was achieved by oscillating the pressure in a thoracic cuff with a piston pump. Regional lung retention of a technetium-99m sulfur colloid aerosol was monitored with a gamma camera. A peripheral mucus clearance index (PMCI) was defined for each region of interest. The tracheal mucus clearance rate (TMCR) was determined by bronchoscopic visualization of marker particle transport. Phase I: In seven dogs, 30 min of HFCWC at 13 Hz with peak cuff pressure (Pcuff) 100-120 cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in regions immediately under the cuff. (delta PMCI = 24.4 +/- 4.6 in the basal peripheral region.) Phase II: Because of subpleural hemorrhage in phase I, the effect of HFCWC on TMCR at various Pcuff levels was studied in five dogs. The enhancement of TMCR by HFCWC reached a plateau level at Pcuff = 50 cmH2O. Phase III: HFCWC at 13 Hz with Pcuff = 50-60 cmH2O was found to significantly enhance PMCI in five dogs without the consequence of hemorrhage. Correlations were found between the enhancement of PMCI and TMCR by HFCWC. These results demonstrate that HFCWC is effective in enhancing both peripheral and central mucus clearance in dogs and safe when moderate pressures are applied.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The Neuman Systems Model in practice. Planning phase.

How do you choose and plan for the implementation of a conceptual model for professional nursing practice? This article discusses one institution's experience with the Neuman Systems Model. The process discussed in this article will serve as a guide for other nursing administrators considering this significant undertaking.

Curriculum↗
PubMed1979

Phenotypic and functional distinctions between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets in man.

Prior work has demonstrated the existence of distinct human peripheral blood T cell subsets by utilizing heterologous as well as autoimmune antisera. In the present study, the relationship between the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets was examined. T cells were purified with Sephadex G-200 anti-F(ab)2' affinity chromatography and E-rosetting technique, and subsequently fractionated into TH2+ and TH2- subsets by utilizing indirect immunofluorescence on FACS. Approximately 40 to 45% of the TH2- subset was shown to be JRA+, whereas less than 5% of the TH2+ subset was JRA+. In reciprocal studies, T cells were fractionated into JRA+ and JRA- subsets and reacted with heterologous antisera with anti-TH2+ specificity and indirect immunofluorescence. FACS analysis demonstrated that the JRA+ population contained no TH2+ T cells. In contrast, the JRA- population contained TH2+ T cells and accounted for the entire TH2+ subset found in the unfractionated T cell population. Functional studies showed that the TH2+ subset, and not the JRA+ subset, contain the effector population for cell-mediated lympholysis. It is concluded that the TH2+ and JRA+ T cell subsets define distinct and different T cell populations in man.

Antilymphocyte Serum↗
PubMed1977

Use of the intra-aortic balloon support for refractory low cardiac output in myocardial contusion.

A patient with refractory low cardiac output and recurring ventricular arrhythmias resulting from myocardial contusion was treated with intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Use of the intra-aortic balloon resulted in an increased cardiac output and control of the ventricular arrhythmias. After 1 year the patient shows no sequelae of myocardial contusion, although he is still paraplegic.

Assisted Circulation↗