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Biomedical subjects

C Ochoa Sangrador

Publications and source records attributed to C Ochoa Sangrador.

At least 19 recordsLinked to original sources
PubMed2006

[Rational management of antibiotherapy in ORL infections in children: critical review of the best scientific evidences].

INTRODUCTION: Upper respiratory tract infections are the more prevalent infections in childhood and it is important to know the use and overuse of antibiotics. The objective of this article is to make a systematic and critical review of the best scientific evidence in bibliography in order to use antibiotics rationally in otorhinolaryngology (ORL) infections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Systematic and structured review of the articles regarding antibiotherapy in ORL infections (pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis, sinusitis and laryngitis) in childhood published in secondary (Cochrane Collaboration, clinical practice guidelines, health technology assessment database, etc) and primary (bibliographic databases, biomedical journals, books, etc.) publications and critical appraisal by means of methodology of the Evidence-Based Medicine Working Group. We selected the publications with the main scientific evidence in therapeutical articles (clinical trial, systematic review, meta-analysis and clinical practice guideline). DATA SELECTION: study design, population, intervention, outcomes, main results and applicability in clinical practice. RESULTS: The main secondary information is found in The Cochrane Library and in Clinical practice guideline clearinghouses. The documents in Cochrane Library are, basically, clinical trials, systematic reviews and/or meta-analysis, mainly about otitis (13 documents), sinusitis/rhinosinusitis (6), pharyngitis/tonsillitis (3) and nasopharyngitis (3). We found 17 guidelines, mainly for otitis (8 guidelines), pharyngitis/tonsillitis (5), sinusitis (3) and laryngitis (1). Also, we found some relevant articles in Pubmed database, complementary to secondary publications. CONCLUSIONS: There are a high number of quality scientific studies who support an evidence-based decision making in clinical practice about the rational use of antibiotics in ORL infections in childhood, mainly in otitis, tonsillitis and sinusitis. Every decision in this field will have to be based on a systematic appraisal of the best evidence available in the context of the prevailing values and resources available. Doctor's knowledge (mainly in otorhinolaryngologists and pediatricians) of systematic and critical review of the current literature can help to modify prescribing habits about overuse and misuse of antibiotics in ORL infections.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2006

[Epidemiology of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents aged less than 15 years in the provinces of Castilla y León].

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of type 1 diabetes shows wide geographical variability and heterogeneity. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents ages less than 15 years in the different provinces of Castilla-León. MATERIAL AND METHODS: To determine incidence, all new cases of type 1 diabetes with onset under 15 years of age in 2003-2004 were obtained. Incidence was expressed as the crude value with the corresponding confidence interval and as standardized incidence. The capture-recapture method was used to calculate the completeness of ascertainment. To determine prevalence, all cases of type 1 diabetes in persons ages less than 15 years at 31 December 2004 were obtained. RESULTS: Incidence showed wide variability among the different provinces of Castilla-León. The highest values were found in Segovia (38.77/100,000/year), Valladolid (32.07/100,000/ year) and Avila (23.21/100,000/year) and the lowest in Zamora (8.14/100,000/year). Incidences were highest in the 5-9 years age group in all provinces except Burgos. Prevalence was highest in Segovia (1.54/1,000), Valladolid (1.41/1,000), Avila (1.38/1,000) and Zamora (1.32/1,000) and lowest in Burgos (0.91/1,000). CONCLUSIONS: Castilla-León seems to have one of the highest incidences of type 1 diabetes in Spain; several of its provinces have values similar to those in Northern Europe.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[Consistency of clinical practice with the scientific evidence in the management of childhood asthma].

INTRODUCTION: There is substantial inconsistency between the evidence available on the management of childhood asthma and its application in practice. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree of appropriateness of current management of childhood asthma. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We performed a structured review of the articles published on appropriateness in the recent biomedical literature (last 5 years). Methodological analysis and qualitative synthesis were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-three articles were identified that reflected the following problems: insufficient documentation on trigger factors, evolution of pulmonary function and symptoms, inadequate guidelines on the treatment of exacerbations, inadequate use of inhaler devices, insufficient use of anti-inflammatory drugs, unjustified heterogeneity in the selection of anti-inflammatory drugs, lack of correlation between severity and level of treatment, lack of written guidelines on customized self-management, unjustified use of antibiotics, and lack of pulmonary function testing devices. CONCLUSIONS: The management of childhood asthma should be reviewed since a large number of decisions made in clinical practice are not always based on valid scientific evidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

[The etiology of urinary tract infections and the antimicrobial susceptibility of urinary pathogens].

Antibiotic treatment of urinary tract infections in adults is usually empirical, and use of urine culture is an exception. The choice of antibiotic is normally made based on the results of published case studies (positive urine cultures), which are used to determine the most probable etiology and likely antimicrobial susceptibility. The results of studies published in recent years were reviewed, detailing the differences in relation to the place of residence and characteristics of the patients, and any temporary trends. In lower urinary tract infections in patients without risk factors, treatment must mainly cover Escherichia coli. Nevertheless, in complicated urinary tract infections or in patients with risk factors, the available clinical epidemiological data do not provide for safe empirical choice of antibiotic without the use of urine culture. There has been a reduction in the susceptibility of E. coli to various antibiotics, and this shows wide geographic variations; the reduction in the activity of fluoroquinolones could limit its empirical use in the future.

Drug Resistance, Bacterial↗
PubMed2004

[Antimicrobial treatment of bronchial infections in hospital emergency rooms].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze antimicrobial prescribing habits in children diagnosed with bronchial infections in hospital emergency rooms. METHODS: A descriptive study was performed in a random sample of children diagnosed with acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis in the emergency rooms of 11 Spanish hospitals. Information about the type of bronchial infection diagnosed and the antimicrobial treatment prescribed was gathered. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions was assessed by comparing clinical practice in the use of antibiotics for bronchial infections with consensus guidelines developed for this study. RESULTS: A total of 731 children were selected. The diagnosis was acute bronchitis in 531 (73 %) and bronchiolitis in 200 (27 %). Antimicrobial treatment was prescribed to 234 children (32 %; 95 % CI: 29-35 %). The most commonly prescribed antimicrobials were the aminopenicillins in 138 children (19 %; 95 % CI 16-22 %), cephalosporins in 54 (7 %; 95 % CI 5-9 %) and macrolides in 45 (6 % 95 % CI 4-8 %). The prescribed treatment was inappropriate in 26 % (95 % CI 23-29 %) of patients [31.5 % (95 % CI 27-35 %) of cases of acute bronchitis and 11.5 % (95 % CI 95 % 7-16 %) of cases of bronchiolitis]. Wide variability was observed in the inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents among the different hospitals, both in acute bronchitis (14-80 %) and in bronchiolitis (0-71 %). CONCLUSION: Inappropriate antimicrobial treatment is prescribed to a considerable proportion of the children with bronchial infections attended in hospital emergency rooms, although there is wide variability among different hospitals. Programs to improve the quality of antimicrobial prescription should be developed. These should combine regulatory and educational measures directed at health professionals and the general public.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Appropriateness of treatment of acute pharyngotonsillitis according to the scientific evidence].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions in children with acute pharyngotonsillitis. METHODS: A descriptive study was performed in a series of pediatric patients diagnosed with acute pharyngotonsillitis in the emergency rooms of 11 Spanish hospitals. The appropriateness of antibiotic prescriptions was assessed by comparing our clinical practice in the use of antibiotics for pharyngotonsillitis with consensus guidelines developed for this study. RESULTS: We collected data from 1716 patients with acute pharyngotonsillitis. Antibiotics were prescribed in 80.9 %, mainly according to empirical criteria. The most commonly used antibiotics were amoxicillin (36 %), amoxicillin-clavulanate (22.5 %), cefixime (6.6 %), azithromycin (5.8 %) and cefuroxime (5.2 %). A total of 39.5 % of the patients were aged less than 3 years, of which 75.9 % were treated empirically. Of the prescribed treatments, 22.8 % were considered as the treatment of choice; 22.4 % as alternatives and 54.8 % as inappropriate. CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic treatment was prescribed in most of the cases of pharyngotonsillitis and nearly always according to empirical criteria. The number of antibiotic prescriptions was far higher than the expected cases of bacterial pharyngotonsillitis and, in many cases, the antibiotic prescriptions were inappropriate.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2003

[Cost benefit analysis of body surface cultures at a neonatal unit].

INTRODUCTION: Infection continues to be a cause of concern in neonatal units. The high cost of the body surface cultures used to study infection and their limited utility is controversial. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The medical records of newborns admitted for suspected infection in 1999 were retrospectively reviewed. Request criteria, cost, and the clinical utility of body surface cultures were analyzed. RESULTS: In 1999, body surface cultures were requested in 204 newborns admitted to hospital (70 % of all admitted newborns). Of these, six were diagnosed with bacteremia (6.23/1000; 95 % CI: 5.9-6.5). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. The total cost of body surface cultures was 6,510.95 euros (1,083,331 pesetas). In 25 % of cases the results of cultures influenced clinical decision making. The cost necessary to obtain clinical repercussion in a patient was 191.50 euros (31,863 pesetas). Requesting two body surface cultures only (otic and umbilical) halved the cost without diminishing their clinical utility. CONCLUSIONS: A considerable percentage of newborns admitted to hospital present suspected infection requiring microbiological studies. Although the cost of body surface cultures is high, the results of these cultures influence diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in a quarter of patients. We do not believe that eliminating the use of these cultures would be beneficial. However, their cost can be reduced by carefully selecting request criteria and by limiting cultures to two samples (otic and umbilical).

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed2003

[Subclinical carbon monoxide poisoning in our health area].

We present an observation study on the relatioship between high levels of carboxyhemoglobin (COHB) and subclinical poisoning by carbon monoxide (CO) in our health area. The study was carried out in February and March 2000 in 228 over 18-year-old patients of both sexes who went to the Emergency Room for various reasons. After an informed consent was conceded, a venous blood sample was obtained in order to determine the level of COHB; later, we collected the anthropometric data, the data relative to the tobacco use, and the data of the type of heating at home. The values limit of the COHB obtained were the following: in non smokers, 1.9%; in 1-10 cigarettes/day smokers, 5.2%; in 11-20 cigarettes/day smokers, 6.9%; in >20 cigarettes/day smokers, 9.6%. A COHB high level was observed in 25% of the patients regardless of the smoking habits, being the coal-dust slack brazier the source of most frequent exposure to CO.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Risk factors for esophageal candidiasis.

The role of gastric acid inhibitors as predisposing factors for Candida esophagitis is unknown. A retrospective case-control study of esophageal candidiasis was conducted in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients diagnosed from January 1991 to December 1997. The diagnosis of esophageal candidiasis was always made on the basis of endoscopic and histological criteria. Fifty-one patients were diagnosed with esophageal candidiasis, 15 of whom had esophageal complaints and 48 of whom suffered from another previous chronic disease (17 had cancer). In addition, 20 patients had previously been treated with antibiotics, 13 with steroids and 14 with omeprazole. In the multivariate analysis, neoplasm (odds ratio, 5.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.94-15.56) and therapy with antibiotics (odds ratio, 11.97; 95% confidence interval, 3.82-37.45), steroids (odds ratio, 35.52; 95% confidence interval, 3.90-324.01) or omeprazole (odds ratio, 18.23; 95% confidence interval, 4.67-71.03) were all associated with esophageal candidiasis. These data suggest that Candida esophagitis tends to occur in patients with chronic diseases, most of whom have been previously treated with antibiotics, steroids or omeprazole. The findings support the hypothesis that treatment with omeprazole favors the development of esophageal candidiasis.

Aged↗
PubMed2000

[Evaluation of a transcutaneous bilirubinometer].

OBJECTIVE: Transcutaneous bilirubinometers are useful in screening and monitoring neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. These instruments reduce the number of blood samples needed, but their validity has been questioned. The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of a classic transcutaneous bilirubinometer. METHOD: Descriptive observational cross-sectional study of a sam-ple of 117 simultaneous measurements of transcutaneous and serum bilirubin in 82 jaundiced newborn infants. We analyzed the agreement between repeat measurements and measurements in different sites. We developed predictive models of serum bilirubin and analyzed their validity. RESULTS: All points of measurement displayed excellent agreement between repeat measures (intraclass correlation co-efficient higher than 0.92). Forehead measurements had a linear correlation coefficient of 0.75; in the sternum II-near correlation coefficient varied according to the absence or presence of phototherapy (0.86 and 0.54 respectively). The error intervals in which predictions of se-rum bilirubin were found were #+ 2 mg/dl for low values and #+ 4 mg/dl for high values (#> 15 mg/dl). CONCLUSIONS: Reliability of the transcutaneous bilirubinometer evaluated was high, but the substantial degree of error in se-rum bilirubin make its accuracy questionable, especially in patients with high levels.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1999

[Antibiotic prescription in acute respiratory infections in adults: its variability and appropriateness in 10 Spanish hospitals].

OBJECTIVE: To report the variability in antibiotic prescribing habits for patients diagnosed of non-specified acute respiratory infections (ARI) (according to the International Classification of Diseases 9MC) at Emergency Departments of ten Spanish hospitals, and to evaluate the appropriateness of antimicrobial prescription for such patients, after specifically elaborating some reference patterns for appropriate antimicrobial use. DESIGN: Descriptive study of variability in clinical practice by means of a prospective series of cases. Study of appropriateness by means of elaborating reference standards for appropriate use and comparison with the data from the descriptive study with such standards. DURATION: six months. SETTING: Emergency Department in ten Spanish hospitals from different autonomic communities: Andalucía, Islas Canarias, Castilla-León, Cataluña, Galicia, Madrid, Murcia and Valencia for a 6-month period. PATIENTS: Patients with the diagnosis of community ARI attended at emergency departments. SAMPLE SIZE: 903 cases. INTERVENTIONS: Collection of cases in a unified database with the following variables: age, sex, ARI type, diagnosis of comorbidity, prescribed antimicrobial, hospital admission and type of prescriber. A panel of experts was commissioned to elaborate the gold standards for the appropriate use of antibiotics or the lack of indication for the different locations of ARI. RESULTS: The adjusted proportion of the inappropriate prescription for the group with laryngo-tracheal-influenza-rhinopharyngitis-multiple ARI or non specified infections was 67.9%. CONCLUSIONS: Concerning antibiotic prescription, significant inter-center variability and relevant heterogeneity were observed.

Acute Disease↗