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Biomedical subjects

C Pollard

Publications and source records attributed to C Pollard.

27 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed1989

Response to pneumococcal vaccine among asymptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users infected with human immunodeficiency virus.

Antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccine were studied in asymptomatic heterosexual partners of persons with AIDS and intravenous drug users seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Serum antibodies to 12 pneumococcal capsular antigens were measured by radioimmunoassay. Eleven intravenous drug users seropositive for HIV, 13 seronegative intravenous drug users, and 10 each seropositive and seronegative sexual partners received 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine. Additional unvaccinated matched seropositives served as controls. Antibody responses were significantly lower among subjects seropositive for HIV (P less than .05). Fourteen (88%) of 16 seropositive subjects with baseline type-specific antibodies to one or more pneumococcal antigens less than 300 ng of antibody nitrogen/ml (ngAbN/ml) demonstrated a rise in one or more of these antibodies to greater than 400 ngAbN/ml. No clinical deterioration or decrease in T4 cells attributable to vaccination was found. Although antibody responses to pneumococcal vaccine among HIV-infected subjects were impaired, most with antibody levels less than 300 ngAbN/ml developed titers of one or more type-specific antibodies to levels greater than 400 ngAbN/ml without notable adverse effects.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1988

AIDS counseling on the front lines.

Skill at patient education is crucial to the battle against the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The fight is not confined to one segment of society or to a few geographic areas. Counseling patients at risk about HIV-antibody (HIV-Ab) testing requires a full understanding of the available tests; a psychosocial profile of the patient; candid, nonjudgmental exchanges between patient and clinician; and an ability to deal with significant emotional stress. All PAs should use their talents at patient education to help contain HIV infection.

AIDS Serodiagnosis↗
PubMed1984

Lack of T cell antigen expression on hairy cells of B cell origin after in vitro exposure to PHA.

The malignant monoclonal population in hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has been variously ascribed to be of myeloid, B, or even T cell origin. Recent data have been interpreted as suggesting that hairy cells (HC) may concomitantly or serially express both B and T surface determinants, a phenomenon which, if verified, would be unique among the lymphoproliferative malignancies. Data described here, however, demonstrate that (1) at least the majority of HCL are phenotypically of B cell derivation, and (2) the initial B cell phenotype is retained and solely expressed on cultured as well as phytohemagglutinin (PHA) activated monoclonal malignant HC.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma phenotyping: problems in the use of heterologous and monoclonal antibodies.

Cell suspensions or frozen sections of lymph node biopsies from 32 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) were studied for sheep erythrocyte (E)-binding under three conditions (Estandard, EAET, Egravity), Fc and C receptors, immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain class and reactivity with heterologous antisera to T cells (T-LCL), HLA-D (Ia-like) and common acute lymphocytic leukemia (c-ALL) antigens. Selected B and T cell lymphomas were also tested for reactivity with the monoclonal antibodies OKT 3, OKT 4, OKT 6, OKT 8, OKT 11A, Leu-1, Leu-2a, Leu-3a, Leu-4 and Leu-7. There were 26 B and 6 T lymphomas. Most B lymphomas were mu+ (81%), kappa+ (77%) and 31% were mu+ delta+. One of the T lymphomas arose in a patient with antecedent follicular small-cleaved (B) cell lymphoma. The most accurate marker for characterizing the immunologic phenotype in NHL was the clonal excess of kappa+ or lambda+ cells. Neither Estandard, EAET, Egravity or T-LCL were consistently reliable as sole reagents in identifying T-cell lymphomas, their individual scores often being lower than those of monoclonal pan-T cell reagents. HLA-D (Ia-like) antigen was noted in 89% of B and 50% of T lymphomas. The corresponding values for c-ALL antigen were 12 and 33%, respectively. The comparative scores in T-lymphomas between OKT 4 and Leu-3a for "helper-inducer" (HE) cells and OKT 8 and Leu-2a for "suppressor-cytotoxic" (SU) cells were not uniformly consistent. Four T lymphomas had a mixed HE/SU cell phenotype, one was HE, and another SU. Anti-T reactivity was detected in the neoplastic follicles of six of seven follicular lymphomas. The percentage of anti-T reactive cells within positive neoplastic follicles was usually small (5-15%) and of the same order as that noted within reactive lymphoid follicles (5-30%). High numbers (50-100%) of cells from five small lymphocytic B, three diffuse small cleaved cell B and six T cell lymphomas were also positive with one or more anti-T reagents, suggesting the presence of cross-reactive antigens that make phenotyping of lymphomas with monoclonal antibodies problematic. Reactivity with the monoclonal antibody Leu-7 (HNK-1), a putative NK-specific reagent, was seen in one of five B and three of five T lymphomas.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Follicular mantle zone cell subpopulations detected by monoclonal antibody SN3.

A monoclonal antibody, SN3, has been prepared against a cell membrane fraction of the pre-B leukemic cell line NALM-1. By radioimmunoassay, SN3 reacted with four of four non-T/non-B, two of two pre-B and one of three leukemic B cell lines. The reagent was unreactive, however, with established leukemic T and myelomonocytic cell lines or normal B cell lines. On immunohistochemical assays on frozen sections of nine reactive lymph nodes and three spleens, SN3 showed a preferential binding to 50-95 per cent mantle zone (MZ) cells and 5-20 per cent interfollicular or red pulp B-lymphocytes. This was uninhibited by pre-incubation with heterologous anti-HLA-DR or anti-delta reagents. SN3 was unreactive with normal germinal centre (GC), epidermal or Langerhans cells but did react with less than 1 per cent thymic B-lymphocytes. In eight follicular small cleaved cell lymphomas tested SN3 exhibited three patterns of reactivity: peripheral follicular, combined peripheral and central follicular, and combined follicular and interfollicular. Three follicular lymphomas were essentially SN3-. In three diffuse small lymphocytic lymphomas, SN3 showed patchy areas of reactivity unassociated with proliferation centres. In four diffuse B-cell lymphomas (one mixed small and large cell, two large non-cleaved cell, and one small non-cleaved (Burkitt) cell), SN3 reactivity was uniformly distributed in the majority (60-90 per cent) of the cells. SN3 was unreactive with one diffuse B-large cell lymphoma, three nodal T-cell lymphomas and three cases of mycosis fungoides. The findings indicate that SN3 detects an antigen that is present in subpopulations of normal MZ cells, the antigen is also detected in GC cells undergoing lymphomatous transformation but is not readily detected in normal GC cells, and the antigen is also expressed in subpopulations of diffuse B- but not T-cell lymphomas.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The risks of total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation.

The intraportal site is the most common site for islet transplantation. Many other sites have been tried experimentally, including the spleen, which has successfully lead to insulin independence in a number of animal models. Nevertheless, there are no detailed reports of total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation in humans. Five patients underwent total pancreatectomy and splenic islet autotransplantation for chronic pancreatitis. Four patients had a pylorus-preserving total pancreatectomy and one patient a duodenal-preserving pancreatectomy. In three cases islets were embolized into both the portal vein and spleen. Two patients received splenic islet transplants alone. Islets were transplanted by retrograde venous infusion via the short gastric veins (n = 3), splenic vein stump (n = 1), and the left gastroepiploic vein (n = 1). The total volumes of transplanted pancreatic digest in those receiving combined intraportal and splenic autografts (n = 3) were 15.8, 13.0, and 13.5 ml. The volumes in those receiving a splenic-alone autograft (n = 2) were 12.0 and 5 ml. The mean rise in portal pressure was 18 cm of water. Complications related to the splenic autograft included a wedge splenic infarct, an emergency splenectomy, and a portal vein thrombosis in one patient having a combined intraportal and splenic autograft. Two patients developed insulin independence. two patients were still insulin independent at 1-year follow-up, and all had normal HbA1c levels (mean 5.6, range 5.2-6.3). Splenic islet autotransplantation, after total pancreatectomy, does lead to insulin independence. However, in our experience the combined procedure has a high morbidity because of splenic infarction and venous thrombosis.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Benefits of nurse teachers returning to clinical practice.

This article outlines an action research study developed to facilitate nurse teachers returning to clinical practice. The article explores how the teachers established partnerships with clinicians through which they were able to share the experience of returning to an area of nursing that they had previously only visited. It discusses four categories: expectations of self and others; entering someone else's world; more awareness of student needs; and teaching theory and practising nursing. These categories emerged following the analysis of journals, focus group interviews and individual interviews and led to a number of recommendations concerning the implications for other teachers wishing to return to clinical practice.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗