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Biomedical subjects

C Porta

Publications and source records attributed to C Porta.

At least 37 records · Page 2Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Increase in intrinsic anion conductance upon inhibition of the electroneutral Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchanger: effect of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-).

The electroneutral Cl(-)/HCO(3)(-) exchange, present at the apical membrane of rabbit gallbladder epithelium, apparently is converted into a stilbene- and dipyridamole-sensitive, nonrectifying, approximately 5-pS anion channel after the exchange is directly inhibited (inhibitors tested: hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ), phlorizin, phenylglyoxal and diphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid (DPC)). In intact tissue, in the absence of CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) in the media, the opening of these channels causes an approximately 7-mV depolarization of the apical membrane. This has been shown to be a constant index of the total Cl(-) conductance (G(Cl)) activated. The effect of exogenous and endogenous CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) on the depolarization has now been investigated in the intact tissue by conventional microelectrodes. The anion exchange has been measured radiochemically. The presence of exogenous or endogenous CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) reduces the depolarization induced by HCTZ, phlorizin and DPC from approximately 7 to 3 mV, but 10(-4) mol/l acetazolamide restores the full depolarization. Response time, S(0.5) and Hill number are unchanged in each case. The way of bicarbonate replacement is irrelevant. The depolarization generated by phenylglyoxal, which covalently binds to the transport site of the exchanger and prevents HCO(3)(-) binding, is unaffected by CO(2)/HCO(3)(-) presence. HCO(3)(-) binding to the transport site is suggested to partially hinder the conversion of the exchanger into the channel.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Slow breathing reduces chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia, and increases baroreflex sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether breathing more slowly modifies the sensitivity of the chemoreflex and baroreflex. DESIGN SETTING: University of Pavia, IRCCS Policlinico S. Matteo. PARTICIPANTS: Fifteen healthy individuals. INTERVENTIONS: Progressive isocapnic hypoxia and progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia were measured during spontaneous breathing and during a breathing rate fixed at 6 and 15 breaths per minute (b.p.m.). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Variations in chemo- and baroreflex sensitivity (by monitoring ventilation, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide, R-R interval and blood pressure) induced by different breathing rates. RESULTS: Breathing at 6 b.p.m. depressed (P < 0.01) both hypoxic and hypercapnic chemoreflex responses, compared with spontaneous or 15 b.p.m. controlled breathing. Hypoxic and hypercapnic responses during spontaneous breathing correlated with baseline spontaneous breathing rate (r = -0.52 and r = +0.51, respectively; P = 0.05). Baroreflex sensitivity was greater (P < 0.05) during slow breathing at baseline and remained greater at end rebreathing. CONCLUSIONS: Slow breathing reduces the chemoreflex response to both hypoxia and hypercapnia. Enhanced baroreflex sensitivity might be one factor inhibiting the chemoreflex during slow breathing. A slowing breathing rate may be of benefit in conditions such as chronic heart failure that are associated with inappropriate chemoreflex activation.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Further analysis of transcytosis of free polypeptides and polypeptide-coated nanobeads in rabbit nasal mucosa.

In rabbit nasal mucosa, free polypeptides and polypeptide-coated nanospheres are actively absorbed by the M cells present in specialized areas of the epithelium. Because polypeptide-coated nanosphere transport was abolished in the presence of free polypeptides, free polypeptides and polypeptide-coated nanospheres are shown here to compete. Fluxes of polypeptide-coated nanospheres with 356, 490, and 548 nm diameters have been compared. BSA-coated beads were poorly transported, at the same rate, when bead diameters were 356 or 490 nm [net flux of approximately 2-2.5 x 10(6) nanospheres (nan). cm(-2) x h(-1)]; however, their net transport largely increased toward a value of 25 x 10(6) nan. cm(-2) x h(-1) at a diameter of 548 nm. Insulin-coated beads displayed a net flux that was significantly higher than BSA-coated beads but equally were transported at the same rate (net flux of approximately 8.0 x 10(6) nan. cm(-2) x h(-1)) at diameters of 356 or 490 nm; once again, their net flux significantly increased toward a value of 25 x 10(6) nan. cm(-2) x h(-1), if the bead diameter was 548 nm. Insulin plus anti-insulin IgG-coated 490-nm-diameter beads displayed a very high net flux, although not yet saturating (approximately 60 x 10(6) nan. cm(-2) x h(-1)); however, a significantly lower saturated net flux (once again approximately 25 x 10(6) nan. cm(-2) x h(-1)) was shown with 548-nm-diameter beads. In conclusion, 1) in the range of 356-490 nm diameter, net transport was independent of bead diameter and, conversely, largely dependent on the coating polypeptides, and 2) at 548 nm diameter, nanospheres tended to be transferred at similar rates independently of coating kind and the maximal net transport capacity of the mucosa was reduced. The suspension viscosity largely increased with 548-nm polypeptide-coated nanospheres; this fact is hypothetically proposed to be the cause of these events.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed2001

Strategies of medical treatment for metastatic breast cancer (Review).

Presently, metastatic breast cancer cannot be cured and therefore good palliation of symptoms and longer overall survival make the most important targets, always considering quality of life. In addition to the established hormonal therapies or chemotherapy regimens, several recent advances have accelerated progress in metastatic breast cancer treatment. As demonstrated in recent studies, the third-generation aromatase inhibitors are playing a significant role in the improvement of the therapeutic approach. The development of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action, such as taxanes, used alone in innovative schedules or in association with other drugs (mainly the anthracyclines), vinorelbine and gemcitabine, or capecitabine, which is administered orally, has broadened the scope of metastatic breast cancer chemotherapy. A new investigation field is represented by high-dose chemotherapy with stem cell support, which has provided controversial preliminary results but is also acknowledged to deserve larger and randomized trials. Finally, the emergence of biological therapies such as the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody Trastuzumab opens new and exciting prospects for the treatment of this disease. Moreover, the present trend is to try to rationalize the therapeutic approach on the basis of biological parameters which are prognostic and predictive of treatment response.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed2001

Left sub costal minilaparotomy in aortic surgery.

Aim of this work is to present our surgical technique, i.e. a left sub costal transperitoneal minilaparotomy, used in 40 patients operated on in the last year for atherosclerotic aorto-iliac occlusive disease (aortofemoral bypass) and aortic or aorto-iliac aneurysm (aorto-aortic graft or aorto-iliac bifurcated graft sutured on the common iliac arteries). The patients are placed in a dorsal decubitus. The cutaneous incision of 10 to 15 cm, depending on the abdominal size, is parallel to the condro-costal edge and spreads from the linea alba to the edge of the rectus muscle. The linea alba is usually incised; the oblique and the transverse muscles are not touched. The bowel is maintained within the abdominal cavity. Usually we do not use self-retaining retractors. The abdominal wall and the bowel are retracted with moistened towels maintained by blade intestinal retractors. When the abdominal cavity is gained, conventional dissection of the aorta and iliac arteries is carried out. These manoeuvres and the following surgical procedure are performed as usually with standard vascular instruments. Nasogastric suction and drains are not used routinely. In our series, this minilaparotomy technique, joined to < >, and to an intensive postoperative training, allows a better outcome of the patient and a discharge home from 3rd to 5th postoperative day. So we think that this technique, not so expensive as endovascular repair or laparoscopic and video-assisted surgery, nevertheless retains all the proven benefits of a minimally invasive surgery.

Aneurysm↗
PubMed2001

[Interaction between respiration, autonomic function, and respiratory pattern in heart failure. New possibilities of rehabilitation intervention].

Some of the most invalidating symptoms in subjects with chronic heart failure, such as dyspnea and poor exercise tolerance, correlate poorly with indices of myocardial pump function, but are more related to alterations in autonomic nervous system, respiratory system, in addition to physical deconditioning. Increasing evidence suggests that in addition to pump function abnormalities, sympathetic and parasympathetic abnormalities, increased function of baro-, chemo- and ergoreflex control mechanisms play a pivotal role in the origin of symptoms in these patients, potentiating the mechanisms leading to physical deconditioning and further worsening of symptoms. This underlines the practical importance of studies focused on the possibility of modifying these control mechanisms. Recent evidence indicates that non-pharmacological interventions, such as general physical training, or, particularly, specific types of training of the respiratory pattern, may modify some of these reflex control mechanisms, including the chemoreflex response, and provide potential favorable effects in chronic heart failure.

Autonomic Nervous System↗
PubMed2001

A rapid D-dimer assay in patients presenting at the emergency room with suspected acute venous thrombosis: accuracy and relation to clinical variables.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The measurement of D-dimer is claimed to have potential value in excluding deep vein thrombosis (DVT). New rapid methods have been proposed, but few clinical trials have assessed their performance in an emergency context. The different accuracies found between the D-dimer assays have been related to the test used (latex or ELISA), but other variables (such as population investigated, thrombus extension, duration of symptoms or concomitant heparin treatment) may be important, even if not sufficiently investigated. DESIGN AND METHODS: We evaluated the accuracy of a rapid semi-quantitative D-dimer test (Dimertest, Dade Behring), with reference to: a) its use at an emergency unit; b) concomitant heparin administration; c) location of venous thrombosis (VT) (in the deep or superficial venous system limited to the great saphenous vein) and d) symptoms older than 14 days. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety-eight patients suspected of having DVT and 116 suspected of thrombosis of the great saphenous vein (GSV) were investigated. In the DVT patients, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 77.4% (95% CI 68.9-85.9), 81.4% (95% CI 76.1-86.7), 65.4% (95% CI 56.5-74.3) and 88.8% (95% CI 84.2-93.4), respectively. Excluding patients receiving heparin and those with symptoms older than 15 days, the sensitivity and negative predictive value increased to 86.3% (95% CI 78.4-94.2) and 92.8% (95% CI 88.4-97.2), respectively. In patients with GSV thrombosis, the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were 48% (95% CI 34.5-61.5), 90.6% (95% CI 83.2-97.9), 80.6% (95% CI 66.6-94.6) and 68.2% (95% CI 57.8-78.6), respectively. Excluding patients receiving heparin and those with symptoms older than 15 days, did not change the sensitivity or negative predictive value significantly. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results show that previous or concomitant heparin administration, non-acute symptoms and thrombosis localized to superficial veins reduce the clinical usefulness of the D-dimer test as the rate of false negative results is increased.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed2000

Yoga and chemoreflex response to hypoxia and hypercapnia.

We tested whether chemoreflex sensitivity could be affected by the practice of yoga, and whether this is specifically because of a slow breathing rate obtained during yoga or as a general consequence of yoga. We found that slow breathing rate per se substantially reduced chemoreflex sensitivity, but long-term yoga practice was responsible for a generalised reduction in chemoreflex.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Apical Na+-Cl- symport in rabbit gallbladder epithelium: a thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (TSC).

Cl- apically enters the epithelium of rabbit gallbladder by a Na+-Cl- symport, sensitive to hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ). Since HCTZ also activates an apical SITS-sensitive Cl- conductance (G(Cl)), the symport inhibition might be merely due to a short circuit of the symport by G(Cl) rather than to a direct action of HCTZ on the symporter. To examine whether the symport is directly inhibited by HCTZ and whether the symporter belongs to the family of thiazide-sensitive cotransporters (TSC), radiochemical measurements of the apical Cl- uptake, electrophysiological determinations of intracellular Cl- and Na+ activities (a(i,Cl) and a(i,Na)) with selective theta microelectrodes and molecular biology methods were used. The 13Cl- uptake proved to be a measurement of the apical unidirectional Cl- influx (Jmc) and of the symport only (without backflux components), with measuring times of 45 sec under all experiment conditions; its inhibition by HCTZ was unaffected by G(Cl) activation or abolition. After HCTZ treatment the decrease in a(i,Cl) (measured as the initial rate or in 3 min) was larger than the decrease in a(i,Na). The difference was reduced to one third in a group of epithelia in which the elicited G(Cl) was reduced to one third; moreover it was abolished in any case when G(Cl) was abolished with 10(-4) M SITS. The SITS-insensitive rate of a(i,Cl) decrease was equal to that of the a(i,Na) decrease in any case. Thus the a(i,Cl) decrease displays a component dependent on G(Cl) activation and a second component dependent on symport inhibition. Using the RT-PCR technique a cDNA fragment was obtained that was 99% identical to the corresponding region of the rabbit renal TSC isoform. The results indicate that in rabbit gallbladder epithelium HCTZ displays a dual action, namely G(Cl) activation and Na+-Cl- symport inhibition. This Na+-Cl- symporter is the first TSC found to be functionally expressed in a nonrenal or nonrenal-like epithelium.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Rabbit nasal mucosa: nanospheres coated with polypeptides bound to specific anti-polypeptide IgG are better transported than nanospheres coated with polypeptides or IgG alone.

In rabbit nasal mucosa, polypeptides and polypeptide-coated nanospheres are actively transported from lumen to blood by M-cells present in specialized transport areas of the epithelium. The largest transport is shown here to occur when some molecules of the polypeptides coating the nanospheres, after adsorption, are bound to the specific anti-polypeptide IgG, e.g. when insulin is bound to the anti-insulin IgG. The transport kinetics of nanospheres coated by insulin bound to its antibody, as a function of bead concentration or of the antibody/insulin coating ratio, have been analyzed. On this basis it was possible to assess the maximal transport capacity of the epithelium and to calculate the percentage of M-cells involved.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Engineering cowpea mosaic virus RNA-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.

A series of new cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) RNA-2-based expression vectors were designed. The jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) was introduced between the movement protein (MP) and the large (L) coat protein or downstream of the small (S) coat protein. Release of the GFP inserted between the MP and L proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the MP-L cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) 2A catalytic peptide. Eight amino acids derived from the C-terminus of the MP and 14-19 amino acids from the N-terminus of the L coat protein were necessary for efficient processing of the artificial Gln/Met sites. Insertion of the FMDV 2A sequence at the C-terminus of the GFP resulted in a genetically stable construct, which produced particles containing about 10 GFP-2A-L fusion proteins. Immunocapture experiments indicated that some of the GFP is present on the virion surface. Direct fusion of GFP to the C-terminus of the S coat protein resulted in a virus which was barely viable. However, when the sequence of GFP was linked to the C-terminus by an active FMDV 2A sequence, a highly infectious construct was obtained.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Interleukin-2 induces cell cycle perturbations leading to cell growth inhibition and death in malignant mesothelioma cells in vitro.

Previous report indicated that Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is able to inhibit the growth of IL-2-receptor-positive cancer cell lines without any involvement of the immune system, through IL-2-induced alterations of the cell cycle kinetics. In this study we provide evidence that IL-2 exerts anti-proliferative effect on three human malignant mesothelioma (MMe) cells in vitro, while no effects were observed on normal human mesothelial cell (HMC) primary cultures. The growth inhibitory effect of IL-2 on neoplastic cells appeared to depend on the baseline proliferative status of these cells. Indeed, in highly proliferating MMe cells, we observed a reduction of malignant cells in the S-phase of the cell cycle, with an accumulation in G0/G1, followed by apotosis for longer incubations or exposure to higher doses. On the contrary, in MMe cells proliferating at lower rate, IL-2 induces only a late cytotoxic effect, leading to apoptosis, without significantly affecting the cell cycle. IL-2Rbeta mRNA was detectable by RT-PCR in all MMe cells, IL-2Ralpha mRNA in one only out the three assayed and IL-2Rgamma mRNA in none. In addition, mRNA specific for the IL-2Rbeta-associated Jak-1 tyrosine kinase was expressed in all MMe cell lines, further suggesting that IL-2Rbeta may play a role in the observed effects. Very low, albeit detectable, levels of IL-2Rbeta chain appeared to be expressed at the cell surface of MMe cells by indirect immunofluorescence and FACS analyses. Finally, Ca(++) fluxes were rapidly induced when MMe cells were exposed to exogenous IL-2.

Apoptosis↗
PubMed2000

In vitro antioxidant properties of amifostine (WR-2721, Ethyol).

PURPOSE: Amifostine (WR-2721), a phosphorylated aminothiol pro-drug which is an analogue of cysteamine, is a selective cytoprotective agent for normal tissues from the toxicities associated with chemotherapy and irradiation. Despite a growing number of reports strongly supporting amifostine's clinical efficacy, few authors have focused on the biochemical basis of amifostine's antioxidant activity. METHODS: We report on amifostine's free-radical scavenging activity against superoxide (O(2;(-))), hydroxyl (OH(-)) and lipoperoxyl radicals in an in vitro model, using pure chemical systems. Amifostine was dephosphorylated to its active metabolite, WR-1065, by adding 10% non-heat-inactivated serum; different amifostine concentrations (1, 10, 50, 100 microM and 200 microM) and pH conditions (pH 5, 7.4 and 9) were tested. RESULTS: Independent of the concentration, amifostine exhibited no major activity against O(2;(-)) ions, neither did any pH variations in the experimental model provide any scavenger effects of the drug against O(2;(-)) radicals. On the other hand, the protective effect of amifostine against OH(-) radicals was confirmed, yielding an EC(50) of 255 microM at pH 7.4 and 230 microM at pH 5. Finally, amifostine exhibited scavenging activity against spontaneous lipoperoxidation, but no apparent antioxidant effect on iron ascorbate-induced lipoperoxidation. CONCLUSIONS: With this in vitro study, we are able to confirm the scavenging activity of the chemo- and radioprotector amifostine, whose activity seems to be particularly important from a biological point of view, since it is exerted mainly against highly reactive OH(-).

Amifostine↗
PubMed2000

Eosinophils and C4 predict clinical failure of combination immunotherapy with very low dose subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon in renal cell carcinoma patients.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The clinical and immunologic activities of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in cancer patients have been extensively studied and described; however, in most of these studies, IL-2 was administered by intravenous bolus or continuous infusion, while the immunologic effects of IL-2 given by the subcutaneous (s.c.) route have not yet been well studied. DESIGN AND METHODS: The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of IL-2, given at very low doses s.c. to patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), on a number of immunologic parameters: number of total lymphocytes, number of CD4-, CD8-, CD25-positive cells, number of natural killer (NK) cells, titers of IL-2 soluble receptor (sIL-2R) and of C4, eosinophils, eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophilic protein X (EPX). Finally, a logistic regression model was performed to identify early immunologic parameters that correlate with a favorable or unfavorable treatment outcome. RESULTS: Independently from the mere report of the changes induced by immunotherapy, the analysis showed that, within the pre-treatment model, a large eosinophil number predicts the failure of IL-2 treatment; in contrast, within the post-treatment model, high C4 serum titers and, again, a large number of circulating eosinophils predict immunotherapy failure. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: As far as concerns C4, its negative predictive value could be related to the fact that it is an indirect index of macrophage activation; thus, even though macrophages release substances with antitumor activity, they can also stimulate the release of sIL-2R, which may compete for exogenous IL-2. Some authors have postulated that macrophages may even stimulate tumor cell growth, or impair NK activity. Despite a great amount of uncertainty concerning the role of eosinophils, in our study, blood eosinophilia predicts a poor response to immunotherapy in patients with advanced RCC, thus supporting previous observations from our own group.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura treatment in year 2000.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: For several decades clinicians worldwide considered TTP a severe and frustrating therapeutic problem. Fortunately, however, the prognosis of TTP patients has greatly benefited from the use of plasma manipulation techniques, particularly plasma-exchange (PE), so that the overall rate of complete responses currently ranges between 70-85% and may even exceed these figures. Despite this dramatic improvement, a number of questions remain concerning the best treatment for TTP patients. Analyzing acquired data and discussing future perspectives, this review will address the following key issues: is PE really the treatment of choice for TTP and what is the role of PE with cryosupernatant? what is the role of all the drugs which are commonly combined with PE, antiplatelet drugs and steroids in particular? what, if any, is the role of cytotoxic agents, especially vincristine? is there a treatment for PE-resistant patients? does secondary TTP need different treatments? DESIGN AND METHODS: The authors have been involved in the study and treatment of TTP for years; furthermore, they extensively searched the PubMed database of the National Library of Congress through the Internet. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: PE remains the treatment of choice for TTP. A large randomized trial now in progress will assess whether exchange with cryosupernatant plasma can improve treatment efficacy. The administration of antiplatelet drugs in combination with PE was fiercely debated over the past years but seems indicated both in acute TTP and as a prophylactic treatment to prevent relapses. It appears that steroids cannot be avoided, especially in light of the latest findings on TTP pathogenesis, but only specific trials will assess the optimal cortisone type and dose. Presently, different treatments can be suggested only to patients failing to respond to PE, while no specific therapy can be indicated for secondary TTP, which usually has a very poor prognosis. Finally, we would like to stress that only international co-operative (multicenter) trials on large series of patients will be able to shed light on a still obscure, if fascinating, disease. Our hope and wish is that the new century will see TTP among the diseases defeated by man's clever mind and heart.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗
PubMed2000

Amifostine, a reactive oxigen species scavenger with radiation- and chemo-protective properties, inhibits in vitro platelet activation induced by ADP, collagen or PAF.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation has been suggested to represent an important regulatory mechanism of platelet reactivity in both physiologic and pathologic conditions; consistent with this hypothesis is the observation that free-radical scavengers may inhibit platelet activation, thus contributing to the regulation of their reactivity. The purpose of the present study is to study the in vitro effects of amifostine (WR-2721, ethyol ), a selective cytoprotective agent for normal tissues against the toxicities of chemotherapy and radiation, on platelet activation induced by the physiologic agonists ADP, collagen and PAF. DESIGN AND METHODS: The effect of amifostine, added to the experimental system at final concentrations ranging from 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M, was studied on platelet aggregation induced by the following physiologic agonists at the given concentrations: ADP (1 microM), collagen (2 microg/mL), and PAF (0.1 microg/mL). Platelet aggregation was investigated using a platelet ionized calcium aggregometer and was expressed as the percentage change in light transmission. Furthermore, thromboxane B((2)) (TxB((2))) levels and nitric oxide (NO) production were determined by radioimmunoassay and by evaluating the total nitrite/nitrate concentration using a commercially available colorimetric kit, respectively, both in the control system and after the addition of amifostine. RESULTS: Amifostine inhibited both platelet aggregation and TxB((2)) production induced by ADP, collagen and PAF, in a dose-dependent manner. Amifostine proved to be an effective inhibitor of platelet function and the effect was more pronounced if platelets were stimulated with ADP, intermediate when collagen was the chosen agonist, and less evident, though present, when PAF was used. Platelets stimulated with ADP, collagen or PAF produced significant amounts of NO over the baseline. When amifostine was added at a final concentration of 5 microM, it significantly increased ADP, collagen and PAF-induced NO production, which suggests that NO release by activated platelets was involved in the inhibitory effect of amifostine. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: Amifostine proved to be an effective inhibitor of platelet activation induced in vitro by physiologic inducers. This previously unrecognized effect was more evident with the weak agonist ADP and was related to reduced NO consumption by free radicals generated during platelet activation. Amifostine proved to be not only a powerful cytoprotectant, but, more generally, a therapeutic agent endowed with several relevant, though largely unknown, biological effects. Finally, our data once again support the concept that oxidative balance is of crucial importance in regulating platelet reactivity in both health and disease.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗